CLOOTZ OLOSSE 707 grammar school founded in 1685, a lunatic asy- lum, workhouse, infirmary, fever hospital, dis- pensary, two orphan establishments, and other charitable institutions. It has a considerable trade in grain, cattle, butter, and bacon; the butter market is a commodious building. There are general fairs in May and November, and also special fairs every alternate month, chiefly for cattle. Clonmel is said to have been forti- fied by the Danes. It was taken by Cromwell in 1650, and the fortifications demolished. CLOOTZ, Jean Baptiste, baron, known under the name of ANACHARSIS CLOOTZ, a French revolutionist, born near Cleves, Prussia, June 24, 1755, guillotined in Paris, March 24, 1794. He was educated in Paris, and his wealth per- mitted him to devote himself to his visionary schemes of social and political regeneration. Under the name of Anacharsis he visited Ger- many, England, Italy, and several other coun- tries of Europe to preach philanthropical doc- trines, the aim of which was to unite all na- tions in one brotherhood. When the French revolution broke out, he returned to Paris. He had already called himself the spokesman of the human race, and he now proceeded to officiate as its ambassador. Gathering around him as many specimens of the different for- eign nationalities as he could find in Paris, he marched up with them to the national assem- bly, and delivered an address demanding for the foreigners in Paris the right of participa- ting in the celebration of the anniversary of the taking of the Bastile. He showed the ut- most devotion to the cause of the revolution, and contributed 12,000 livres for the public defence. After Aug. 10, 1792, he repaired to the legislative assembly, where he indulged in violent attacks against monarchy and reli- gion, insisted upon a price being placed upon the heads of the duke of Brunswick and the king of Prussia, and finally offered to raise at his own expense a legion of Prussians. Crea- ted a French citizen by a decree of the legis- lative assembly, he was elected to the conven- tion by the department of Oise, and became conspicuous by his eccentricity and his intense hatred of crowned heads. In spite of all this, he was suspected by Robespierre, who had no confidence in a rich and titled revolutionist. He caused Clootz to be expelled from the soci- ety of Jacobins, implicated him in the accusa- tion of Hebert and his companions, and, al- though no evidence of his guilt could be pro- duced, sentence of death was passed upon him. When brought to the place of execution, he asked to be beheaded the last, "in order, as he said, "to be able to verify certain princi- ples, while he saw the heads of his compan- ions fall." Calmly ascending the steps of the scaffold, he protested against his sentence, made a final appeal to the human race, and received the fatal blow with unfaltering cour- age. He left some strange writings : La certi- tude despreuves du Mahometisme, ISorateur du genre humain, and La republique universelle. CLOQCET. I. Hippolyte, a French physician, born in Paris in 1787, died there, March 3, 1840. He was for 15 years the most distin- guished private teacher of anatomy of his time, but fell into a state of complete mental debility. Among his works, long highly valued, are treatises on descriptive and on comparative anatomy, on odors and the sense of smell, &c. His son ERNEST (1818-'55) was from 1846 physician to the shah of Persia, receiving the title of privy councillor, and was also accred- ited as minister of France at his court. II. Jules Germain, baron, a French physician, brother of Hippolyte, born in Paris, Dec. 18, 1790. He commenced the study of medicine at an early age, earned distinction in- anatomy and surgery while very young, became one of the most eminent surgeons in the world, and was for many years professor of surgery in the faculty of Paris. Besides his great work on human anatomy ( 3 vols. large fol., with 240 plates, 1821-'31), he wrote numerous impor- tant works on hernia, on calculi and the dis- eases of the urinary organs, on the preparation and construction of skeletons, on the existence and disposition of a lachrymal apparatus in serpents, and on the anatomy of intestinal worms. Several of his dissertations obtain- ed prizes from the academy of sciences and other learned societies. He invented many new surgical instruments, and several impor- tant methods of performing surgical operations. He also introduced improvements in the art of modelling anatomical preparations in wax; and many of his own exquisite preparations are preserved in the anatomical museum of the medical faculty of Paris. In 1831 he obtained by public competition the chair of clinical sur- gery of the faculty of Paris; in 1855 he suc- ceeded Lallemand as member of the academy of sciences; in 1860 he was made commander of the legion of honor, and in 1867 a baron. Besides his professional works, he published Souvenirs de la vie privee du general Lafayette. CLOSSE, Raphael Lambert, the great Indian fighter of colonial Canada, born at St. Denis de Mogres, near Tours, France, killed at Mon- treal, Feb. 6, 1662. He came out with Mai- sonneuve in 1642, and was made sergeant major of the garrison of Montreal, acting in time of peace as notary also. The exposed position of this settlement made his office one of importance, and he soon grasped the theory of Indian fighting. He trained his men as sharpshooters, and armed them with musket, pistol, and sword. Each was to pick his man, bring him down with a musket ball, then rush on and take another with a pistol, and then come to close quarters with the sword, taking to the cover of trees when possible. By these tactics, when he once set out with 20 men to rescue four who were besieged in a redoubt at Point St. Charles, though he lost four men at the first fire, he killed 32 with his survivors, and routed the hostile force. On July 26, 1651, with only 16 men, after a fight that
