IIOVEDEN HOWARD 17 before Houston, who rebuked him for the cruel and perfidious massacres of Goliad and the Alamo, but protected him from the wrath of the Texans. A treaty made with the captive president secured the independence of Texas. Houston, who had been severely wounded in the ankle, was relieved from the command of the army, and sailed for New Orleans, where he arrived almost in a dying condition. In July, however, he returned to his home in Na- cogdoches. In the following September he was elected president of Texas, and was in- augurated Oct. 22, 1836. He appointed his political rivals to important offices, liberated Santa Anna, and opened negotiations with the United States government for the an- nexation of Texas to the Union. His presi- dential term expired Dec. 12, 1838; and as the constitution made him ineligible for the next term, he was succeeded by Mirabeau B. Lamar. During the three years of the next presidential term Texas became involved in wars with the Indian tribes on her borders, in disastrous expeditions against the Mexican territories, and in debt to an enormous amount. The expenditures for the year 1841 amounted to $1,176,288, and the receipts to only $442,604. Houston, who had meantime been twice elected to congress, was reelected president in Septem- ber, 1841, by more than three quarters of the votes. After a stormy administration, beset at the outset with difficulties of the gravest character, which were met with firmness and overcome with great judgment and ability, he retired from his second presidential term in De- cember, 1844. He had paid off a large amount of the national debt, had kept the expendi- tures far within the revenues, restored peace and trade with Mexico, made treaties with all the hostile Indian tribes, and lastly had nego- tiated successfully the great measure of annexa- tion to the United States, though its final con- summation did not take place till after the ex- piration of his constitutional term of office, when he was once more ineligible. Texas be- came one of the United States in 1845, and Sam Houston and Thomas J. Rusk were the first senators she sent to Washington. Hous- ton was reelected at the end of his term in 1853, and remained in the senate till March 4, 1859. As a senator, he was the zealous ad- vocate of justice and humanity to the Indians. He opposed the Kansas and Nebraska bill, in a speech March 3, 1854, and gave in his adhesion to the "Know-Nothing" or American party. In 1858 he voted against the Lecompton con- stitution of Kansas. On Aug. 1, 1859, he was elected governor of Texas. He opposed seces- sion in 1861, and long resisted the clamor for an extra session of the Texas legislature ; and ho finally resigned his office in preference to taking the oath required by the convention. HOYEDEN, Roger d, an English chronicler, born in Yorkshire about the middle of the 12th century. He was attached to the court of Henry II., and was employed in visiting mon- asteries, and in watching over the revenues that accrued to the king on the death of the superiors. His history, Annales RerttmAngU- carum, is a continuation of the ecclesiastical his- tory of Bede, beginning where he left off (731), and extending to 1202, the third year of the reign of King John. Its accuracy is attested by Sir Henry Savile, Selden, Leland, and Nicolson. It was published in Savile's Scriptores post Bedam (London, 1595), and translated by II. T. Riley for Bohn's " Antiquarian Library." HOVEY, Alvah, an American clergyman, born in Thetford, Vt., March 5, 1820. He gradu- ated at Dartmouth college in 1844. Having taught in the academy at New London one year, he studied theology at Newton, Mass., completing the course in 1848. He was pastor of the Baptist church at New Gloucester, Me., for one year, and in 1850 returned to Newton theological institution, and taught in the de- partment of Biblical literature till 1853. He became professor of ecclesiastical history in 1853 and of theology and Christian ethics in 1855, which latter post he still retains (1874). He received the degree of D. D. from Brown university in 1856. He has published a transla- tion of Perthes's " Life of Chrysostom," jointly with the Rev. D. B. Ford (Boston, 1854) ; " Life and Times of Backus" (1858) ; "The State of the Impenitent Dead " (1859); "The Miracles of Christ as Attested by the Evangelists" (1863); "The Scriptural Law of Divorce" (1866) ; and " Religion and the State" (1874). HOWARD, the name of eight counties in the United States. I. A central county of Mary- land, bounded N. E. by the Patapsco river, and S. W. by the Patuxent ; area, 225 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 14,150, of whom 3,474 were colored. It has an uneven surface, rising in some places into hills. The valleys are gen- erally fertile. The Baltimore and Ohio rail- road and the Washington branch pass through it. The chief productions in 1870 were 128,- 376 bushels of wheat, 415,719 of Indian corn, 204,877 of oats, 97,929 of potatoes, 182,980 Ibs. of tobacco, 189,646 of butter, and 7,445 tons of hay. There were 2,958 horses, 8,100 milch cows, 3,056 other cattle, 2,516 .sheep, and 8,441 swine ; 3 cotton mills, 1 woollen mill, and 5 flour mills. Capital, Ellicott City. II. A S. W. county of Arkansas, formed in 1873 from portions of Hempstead, Pike, Polk, and Sevier cos. It is well watered by affluents of Little river and of the Little Missouri. The surface is irregular, consisting of hills, valleys, and river bottoms. The valleys and bottoms produce corn and cotton ; the hills are better adapted to the smaller grains and fruit. Tim- ber is abundant, and lead, silver, and marl are found. Capital, Centre Point. III. A central county of Indiana, traversed by Wildcat creek, an affluent of the Wabash ; area, 279 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 15,847. It has a level surface and an excellent soil. The Pittsburgh, Cin- cinnati, and St. Louis, and the Indianapolis, Peru, and Chicago railroads intersect at the
