INGRES INJUNCTION 281 After a brief experience of trade he became a teacher near Natchez, and in 1836 published " The South- West, by a Yankee." Subso- qiiently he produced in rapid succession " La- fitte," " Burton, or the Sieges," " Captain Kyd," " Tlie Dancing Feather," and other romances, some of which attained a large circulation. He finally became a minister of the Protestant Episcopal church, and was rector of a parish and of an academy for boys ia Holly Springs, Miss. His last works were : " The Prince of the House of David" (1855), "The Pillar of Fire" (1859), and "The Throne of David." INGRES, Jean Dominique Angnste, a French his- torical painter, born in Montauban, Sept. 15, 1781, died in Paris, Jan. 14, 1867. In the school of David he made such rapid progress that by the age of 20 he had gained in two successive years the first and second prizes of the academy of fine arts. After 1806 he passed nearly 20 years in Italy, abandoning the dry, classic style he had acquired from David. In 1829 he became director of the French academy in Rome. He was made a senator in 1862, and a member of the council of public instruction. His works are numerous, and comprise gener- ally serious historical and classical subjects ; in the great exhibition of 1855 at Paris an entire saloon was appropriated to them. His best known pictures are " (Edipus and the Sphinx," " Jupiter and Thetis," " A Woman in the Bath," "Ossian's Sleep," and "The Vow of Louis XIII." Many are in the Louvre, on the ceiling of one of the apartments of which is painted his " Apotheosis of Homer." His " Strato- nice," painted for the duke of Orleans, was sold in 1853 for 40,000 francs. Among his latest works was the " Apotheosis of Napoleon I.," painted on the ceiling of the hotel de mile in Paris. He painted the portraits of many distinguished personages, including Napoleon I. IMiKI AS. a tribe in the Russian government of St. Petersburg, belonging to the Tchudic branch of the Finns, now reduced to about 18,000, in 200 small and wretched villages. The Ingrians are poor and ignorant, but begin to assimilate more with the Russians ; and many have forsaken the Protestant religion, which is that of the majority, for the Greek church. The Ingrians derive their name from the river Inger or Izhora. The strip of land between the Neva, the lake of Ladoga, the gulf of Fin- land, the Narva, and the governments of Pskov and Novgorod, was called Ingermannland or Ingria by the Swedes, who obtained posses- sion of it at the beginning of the 17th century. Reconquered by Peter the Great in 1702, it lias formed since 1783 the bulk of the govern- ment of St. Petersburg. I.VCl'LPHl'S, an English monk, born in Lon- don about 1030, died at the monastery of Croy- land, Dec. 17, 1109. He was educated at Ox- ford, and attracted the attention of Editha, queen of Edward the Confessor, who became his patroness, and introduced him to William, duke of Normandy, who made the young Saxon his secretary. He resigned that office in 1064, accompanied Sigfried, duke of Mentz, to the Holy Land, and became a monk in the abbey of Fontenelle, in Normandy, whence in 1070 he was invited to England by William, and appointed abbot of Croyland. The IIMoria Honasterii Croylandensis, from 664 to 1089, was long regarded as the work of Ingulphus, but Sir Francis Palgrave has proved it to be of a later age. I MH1IUA.V, a town of East Africa, belonging to Portugal, near the mouth of the Inhamban river, N. of Cape Corrientes and 200 m. N. E. of Delagoa bay; pop. about 10,000. It has a harbor, and trades in beeswax and ivory. INJUNCTION, a prohibitory writ. Courts of equity grant relief by injunction in those cases in which, but for their interposition, an equita- ble right would be infringed. In such cases courts of law can afford no remedy, for they cannot adjudicate upon an equity, and are pow- erless to prevent an invasion of it. Where then the rights of a party are wholly equitable in their nature, he can find no redress in the com- mon law tribunals ; but the mere existence of an equitable element in a suit being regarded by these courts as no bar to their procedure, they take jurisdiction, and, in deciding npon the legal merits of the case, mnst sometimes disregard the equity, because its recognition does not lie within their competence as courts of law. In such cases as these a court of equity, in the exercise of its distinctive juris- diction, will interpose by injunction to protect the equity. This protection consists in re- straining in behalf of the plaintiff the commis- sion or continuance of some act of the defen- dant. An injunction is defined to be a writ, framed according to the circumstances of the case, commanding an act which the court re- gards as essential to justice, or restraining an act which it esteems contrary to equity and good conscience. As examples of those cases where relief is afforded to rights which either are wholly equitable, or under the circumstances of the case are incapable of being asserted in courts of law, may be cited instances in which trustees are enjoined from using their legal title to oust the possession of those who are equitably entitled to the benefit and enjoyment of the trust estate ; so tenants for life or mort- gageors in possession, who are not punishable at law for committing waste, will be enjoined in equity from doing so ; and again, mortgage- ors in possession, though in some sense owners of the mortgaged estate, will yet be restrained by injunction from so reducing its value as to impair the security of the mortgagee. The ad- ministration and marshalling of assets, and the marshalling of securities, furnish other illustra- tions of the interposition of courts of equity by injunction to control the proceedings of credit- ors and others at law, and upon principles almost purely of an equitable nature. A second class of cases includes those in which an equi- table element is involved, but the matter of
