nearly due W., and continues in that direction about 120 m. to the mouth of the Okina- kane. It then flows S. W. about 50 m., when it turns S. E., and flows in that direction about 165 m. to the 46th parallel. Throughout its entire length the Columbia is very rapid, often passing through mountain gorges and broken by many cataracts. The tide sets up .165 m. to the Cascades, which are a series of rapids caused by the passage of the stream through the Cascade range. At a distance of about 30 m. from the ocean the river expands into a kind of bay from 3 to V m. wide, which forms its mouth. At low tide there is about 20 ft. of water over the flats at the entrance to this bay, while the depth of the channel is 24 ft. Ocean steamers can ascend to Vancouver, 115 m. above the mouth, and steamers of 200 or 300 tons to the Cascades, around which there is a railroad 6 m. long. The Dalles, 40 m. further, again obstruct navigation. Here the river bends like a horseshoe to the south, and flows with a rapid current through a basaltic trough with walls 20 ft. high and 200 yards apart. Other falls, with stretches of navigable water between, are Priest rapids, 179 m. above the Dalles; Buckland rapids, 66 m. further ; and Kettle falls, 274 m. above. The last is a perpendicular fall of 15 ft. At high water (from the middle of May to the middle of July) steamers could probably ascend from the Dalles to Kettle falls. Above Kettle falls the river is again navigable about 50 m. to falls just N. of the 49th parallel. Above the head of Upper Arrow lake, lat. 50 30', there is no navigable water. At Vancouver the Columbia is a mile wide. Its total length is over 1,200 m. The rise at Vancouver during high water is 19 or 20 ft., and so great is the force of the current as to overcome the effect of the tide, and render the water drinkable even on the bar. The principal E. branches are the Kootenay (also called McGillivray or Flat Bow), which joins the Columbia in British territory about 20 m. N. of the boundary; Clarke's, or Flathead river ; the Spokane ; and Lewis fork (also called the Saptin or Snake river), which is the great southern tributary, and rises in the Rocky mountains in TV. Wyoming, about lat. 44, Ion. 110 30'. The tributaries from the west are smaller ; the chief are the Nehoialpitkwu, Okinakane, and Yakama. Below the great bend several streams empty into the Columbia from the north, the largest of which is the Cowlitz ; from the south it receives the Umatilla, John Day's river, the Des Chutes, and the Willamette. Columbia river was discovered in 1792 by Capt. Robert Gray, who entered it May 11 of that year, in the Columbia Rediviva, of Boston, Mass. It was from this vessel that the river received its name. The first exploration of the Columbia was made in 1804-'5, by Captains Lewis and Clarke, under the direction of the war department.
COLUMBIAN!, an E. county of Ohio, separated from Pennsylvania on the S. E. by the Ohio river, and drained by several streams; area, 490 sq. m. ; pop, in 1870, 38,299. The south- ern portion is hilly, the northern level or gently undulating. The soil is fertile. Coal and iron are found. It is traversed by the Sandy and Beaver canal, and by the Cleveland and Pitts- burgh, the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne, and Chi- cago, and the New Lisbon railroads. The chief productions in 1870 were 270,190 bush- els of wheat, 25,175 of rye, 566,242 of Indian corn, 653,001 of oats, 163,484 of potatoes, 45,301 tons of hay, 848,882 Ibs. of butter, 573,561 of wool, and 602,978 of flax. There were 8,827 horses, 9,519 milch cows, 9,137 other cattle, 131,527 sheep, and 15,996 swine; 8 flour mills, 18 manufactories of stone and earthen ware, 6 of machinery, 1 of pig iron, 10 of iron castings, 4 of agricultural impl ments, 8 of bricks, 20 of carriages and wagoi 2 of hardware, 2 of lightning rods, 15 of dlery and harness, 12 of tin, copper, and she( iron ware, 3 of woollen goods, 4 planing mil 9 saw mills, 17 tanneries, and 16 c establishments. Capital, New Lisbon. COLUMBICM, a metal extracted from the mil eral columbite, found in Connecticut. It first discovered by Mr. Hatchett in 1801, is identical with the metal called by Rose obium. Tantalum, afterward extracted by Swedish chemist from the mineral tantalih was long supposed, on the authority of Wol laston, to be the same substance, but is no known to be distinct from it. Oolumbium of a yellowish white or gray color, and wh< burnished has a metallic lustre. The nai was probably given from its being origh discovered in North America. COLUMBO, or Calnmba, the root of cocculi palmatm or jateorrhiza palmata, and of calumla, climbing plants of the order mem spermacece, growing in Mozambique. The r( is cut into -transverse slices, which are from eighth of an inch to near an inch in thickness, from one to two inches in diameter, and when of good quality of a tolerably bright yellow color in the cortical portion, somewhat lighl in the interior, and covered with a browni wrinkled epidermis externally. Columbo tains a crystallizable neutral bitter principle called colombine, and an alkaloid, berberin Its medical virtues are those of a pure bitt slightly if at all stimulating, and genei acceptable to the stomach. American colui bo, the root of Frasera Walteri, of the 01 gentianacea, and a false columbo from nium fenesiratum, belonging to the same ord( with the genuine, have been sold in Euroj instead of the genuine. COLOIBRETES, or Colombrctes, a group < small islands in the Mediterranean, belongii to Spain, about lat. 39 54' N., Ion. 44' 29 m. S. E. of Cape Oropesa. They are volcanic origin, and very picturesque, th( broken masses seeming like the fragments of larger island. There is deep water betw< them, and a deep and capacious harbor in
