4:34 COURT MARTIAL COUSIN ton, and retired to Montpellier, where he lived for 25 years, enjoying the society of Tourne- fort and Sir Hans Sloane. He then returned again to England, and took chambers in the Temple, where he lived during the last 14 years of his life. Locke was one of his inti- mate friends. He made a large collection of coins, precious stones, and various curiosities in medallic and antiquarian history ; and his industry is proved by his catalogue, which em- braces 46 volumes. His antiquarian collection, which he left to Sir Hans Sloane, now belongs to the British museum. COURT MARTIAL, a tribunal for the trial of persons in the army or navy charged with mil- itary offences. According to article 64 et seq. of the congressional act of May 29, 1830, any general officer commanding an army, or colonel commanding a separate department, may ap- point a general court martial, except when such officer or colonel shall be the accuser, in which case the court shall be appointed by the presi- dent of the United States. A general court martial may consist of any number of commis- sioned officers from 5 to 13, but shall not be less than 13 when that number can be convened without manifest injury to the service. The commanding officer decides as to the number. Such a court has no jurisdiction over any citi- zen not employed in military service. The sen- tence of the court shall not be carried into ex- ecution until the whole proceedings have been laid before the officer commanding the troops for the time being. In time of peace no sen- tence extending to loss of life or the dismission of a commissioned officer, and either in peace or war no sentence against a general officer, shall be carried into execution until confirmed by the president of the United States, to whom, through the secretary of war, the whole pro- ceedings shall be transmitted. Every officer commanding a regiment or corps may appoint a court martial, consisting of three commis- sioned officers, to judge offences not capital committed in his own regiment or corps. Such a court martial may be appointed also by the officers commanding garrisons, forts, or bar- racks. But in neither of the cases has it pow- er to try a commissioned officer, or to inflict penalties beyond certain limitations. COURT OF LOVE (Fr. cour eP amour), in me- diaeval France, a tribunal composed of ladies illustrious for their birth and talent, whose ju- risdiction, recognized only by courtesy and opinion, extended over all questions of gallan- try. Such courts existed from the 12th to the 14th century, during the age of chivalry. The decisions were made according to a code of 31 articles, which have been preserved in a MS. entitled De Arte Amatorw et fieprobatione Amoris, written by Andre, royal chaplain of France, about 1170. Troubadours were often present to celebrate the proceedings in verse, and the songs of these minstrels were not in- frequently reviewed and judged by the tribu- nals. Among the ladies who presided were the countess de Die, called the Sappho of the middle ages, and Laura de Sade, celebrated by Petrarch. King Rene of Anjou attempted in vain to revive the courts of love, and the last imitation of them was held at Rueil at the in- stance of Cardinal Richelieu, to judge a ques- tion of gallantry. See "The Troubadours: their Loves and their Lyrics," by John Ruther- ford (London, 1873). COURTOIS, Jacques, or Cortesi, Jacopo. See BOKGOGNONE. COtRTRAI, or Courtray (Flemish, KortrijTc ; Lat. Cortoriacum}, a city of Belgium, in the province of West Flanders, on the river Lys, an affluent of the Scheldt, 26 m. S. of Bruges ; pop. in 1870, 23,382. It is handsomely built, and contains several good edifices, including a town hall, two fine churches, an exchange, a college, and two orphan asylums. In one of the churches, Notre Dame, is Vandyke's great painting, the "Elevation of the Cross." The inhabitants are actively engaged in the linen manufacture ; the fine linens and flax of the neighborhood of Courtrai have a world-wide reputation. There are also large bleaching grounds and manufactories of thread lace and silk lace. Near Courtrai the famous " battle of the spurs " was fought in 1302, so called from the number of spurs collected from the French knights who fell in it. The name of Courtrai frequently occurs in the history of the Nether- lands ; it was often taken by the French, who finally destroyed its fortifications in 1744. COUSIN, Jean, a French painter, born at Soucy, near Sens, about 1500, died about 1589. His paintings on glass, many of which exist in churches and palaces, are still highly valued, some having been preserved, as the " Legend of St. Eutopius " and the " Sibyl consulted by Augustus," in the cathedral church of Sens. A large painting on canvas, the " Last Judg- ment," belongs to the collection of the Louvre. Some sculptures are attributed to him. He is the author of two treatises, Le livre de la per- spective (Paris, 1560) and La traie science de la pourtraicture (1571). He is reckoned by many as the founder of the French school of painting. COUSIN, Victor, a French philosopher, born in Paris, Nov. 28, 1792, died at Cannes, Jan. 15, 1867. His father was a clock-maker, a disciple of Jean Jacques Rousseau, and a rev- olutionist. The first public school that he attended was the lycee Charlemagne, where he gained the highest prizes. Especially interest- ed in rhetoric, the imitative arts, and music, he determined to make literature his vocation, and as a distinguished student his name was in 1811 placed first on the list of pupils admitted into the newly organized normal school. He became assistant Greek professor in this school in 1812, master of the conferences in 1814, held a chair in the lycee Napoleon (soon after called college Bourbon), and during the hun- dred days was enrolled in the elite corps of royal volunteers. Meantime his attention had
