CRANE CRANMER 459 jib is kept up by tension bars placed above it and extending horizontally from its extreme end to the top of the post. Cast iron has been much employed for some years, instead of tim- ber, for the construction of cranes ; and Mr. Fairbairn of England introduced the use of plates of wrought iron, riveted together and arranged in tubular form, on the principle adopted in the building of the Britannia tubu- lar bridge. The power employed to work cranes is usually that of men turning the winch. In some situations they are conveniently con- nected with machinery running by steam or other power, and their movements are con- trolled by a lever brought to bear with as much friction as may be required upon the barrel of the winch by a rope held in the hand of the man who manages the machine. They have also been made to work by the pressure of a column of water upon a movable piston, a valve in the supply pipe being used to control the movement. Steam also has been applied to work a small engine connected directly with the barrel of the winch. The most powerful cranes ever built are those contrived by Mr. Albert Bishop of New York, and generally known as Bishop's boom derrick. Derrick is a name commonly applied to cranes on ship- board and elsewhere. The construction of an ordinary crane is represented in the article CASTiNa, fig. 3. What is known as a travel- ling crane, used in heavy founderies and ma- chine shops, is not strictly a crane, but a sus- pension bridge, supported at either end upon trucks which move upon securely supported tracks at a sufficient elevation above the floor, and at the sides of the room. Upon the bridge there is also a track upon which a car travels, from which are suspended chains for hoisting. A windlass upon the car furnishes the motive power. As the bridge moves from end to end of the room, and the car upon it, across, the latter may be placed immediately over objects to be raised. CRANE, Anne Monenre (SEEMTJLLER), an Ameri- can novelist, born in Baltimore, Jan. 7, 1838, died in Stuttgart, Germany, Dec. 10, 1872. Her first novel, "Emily Chester" (Boston, 1864), was anonymous. She afterward published two others, " Opportunity " (1867) and " Regi- nald Archer" (1871). She also wrote much for periodicals, and a collection of her miscel- laneous writings is announced for publication (1873). In 1869 she married Mr. Augustus Seemuller, and in 1871 went to Europe in the hope of deriving benefit from the medicinal waters of Germany, but did not live to return home. CRANHIER, Thomas, the first Protestant arch- bishop of Canterbury, born at Aslacton, Not- tinghamshire, July 2, 1489, burned at the stake in Oxford, March 21, 1556. His family was ancient and respectable. At the age of 14 he was sent to Jesus college, Cambridge, where he applied himself to the study of He- brew, Greek, and theology. In 1510 or 1511 he was chosen to a fellowship, which he forfeited by marrying. He then became lecturer in Buckingham (now Magdalen) college ; but his wife dying within a year, he was restored to his fellowship, and in 1523 received the de- gree of D. D. In 1529 Henry VIII. , wishing a^divorce from Catharine of Aragon that he might marry Anne Boleyn, asked the opinion of many learned men, among whom was Cran- mer, whether his marriage with the widow of his brother, for which the pope had granted a dispensation, was a valid one according to the Bible and the canon law. Cranmer answered that the question should be decided from the Bible ; that the divines of the English universi- ties were as well fitted to give judgment as those of Rome or any foreign country ; and that both the king and the pope would be bound to abide by their decision. Henry said that Cranmer had " got the right sow by the ear;" and Cranmer was summoned to court, made a royal chaplain, received some benefices, and was appointed to a place in the house- hold of Lord Wiltshire, the father of Anne Boleyn, where he was to prepare an argu- ment on the question. The conclusion of the argument was that a marriage with a brother's widow was condemned by the Bible, the coun- cils, and . the fathers. The Oxford divines fa- vored his view, while most of those of Cam- bridge dissented ; many of the continental di- vines sided with Cranmer. In 1530 he ac- companied Lord Wiltshire and others on an embassy to the emperor Charles V. and the pope. Clement VII. had for months resisted all solicitations to pronounce judgment on the question of the divorce, but had at length been induced by the emperor, the kinsman of Cath- arine, to sign a brief forbidding Henry to mar- ry before the publication of his sentence. On the arrival of the ambassadors the operation of the brief was suspended, and the pope prom- ised to do whatsoever his conscience would permit in favor of Henry. Cranmer went to Germany for the purpose of working on the minds of the Lutheran clergy ; he became con- verted to their doctrines, and married the niece of Osiander, one of the leading reformers. Re- turning to England, he was made archbishop of Canterbury in 1533. He immediately pro- ceeded with the divorce, and declared the marriage between Henry and Catharine null and void from the beginning. He did not per- form the marriage ceremony between Henry and Anne ; but he delivered the crown and sceptre to Anne at her coronation, June 1, 1533. The pope having excommunicated Henry, Cranmer became an active agent in the re- formation. When Anne was arrested on charge of adultery. May 2, 1536, Cranmer was ordered to go to his episcopal palace, and there to remain. At first he was disposed to show some spirit, and wrote a letter to Henry which was not unfavorable to Anne ; but before the letter was sent he had an interwiew with some of the officers of the crown, which
