succeeded De Witt Clinton as mayor of New York city; in 1822 was elected to congress, and in 1824 to the senate of his own state, from which he withdrew in 1827. He was an active promoter of internal improvements, his name being especially connected with the completion of the Erie and Morris canals. Public education and the reformation of juvenile offenders were also subjects to which he devoted much attention. For many years he was one of the governors of the New York hospital. He wrote a biography of Robert Fulton (1817) and "Memoir of the Celebration of the Opening of the New York Canals" (1825).
COLD HARBOR, Battles of. See Chickahominy.
COLDSTREAM, a town of Berwickshire, Scotland, 12 m. S. W. of Berwick; pop. about 2,200. It is situated on the left bank of the Tweed, here spanned by a handsome bridge. Besides the parish church, there are several places of worship, and a number of schools and libraries. The principal trade is in agricultural products and in cattle. Adjoining the town is the celebrated ford of the Tweed which was repeatedly crossed by the invading armies of both Scotland and England. Monk raised a corps here in 1 65 9'60, which was at first known as Monk's regiment, but subsequently it was included, under the name of Coldstream guards, in the brigade which parliament allowed to Charles II.; it retains this designation as a regiment in the foot guards or household brigade, and is one of the oldest corps in the British army.
COLDWATER, a city, the capital of Branch co., Michigan, on the Cold water river and the Michigan Southern railroad, 103 m. W. S. W. of Detroit; pop. in 1870, 4,381. It is the commercial centre of a fertile country. The river affords good water power, which has been improved. There are six or eight churches, two banks, two weekly newspapers, and a monthly periodical. In 1871 there were 18 schools, of which one was a high school, with 20 teachers and 1,128 pupils.
COLE, a central county of Missouri, bounded N. E. by the Missouri river, S. E. by the Osage, which joins the Missouri at the E. extremity of the county, and drained by Moreau creek; area, 410 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 10,292, of whom 1,251 were colored. It has an undulating surface, and a generally fertile soil,
| ' though in some places the land is too rocky for cultivation. Timber, limestone, and buhrstone are abundant. The Pacific railroad of Missouri passes through it. The chief productions in 1870 were 115,299 bushels of wheat, 165,550 of Indian corn, 60,668 of oats, 24,599 of potatoes, and 2,798 tons of hay. There were 1,570 horses, 1,520 milch cows, 2,496 other cattle, 4,701 sheep, and 8,402 swine; 2 manufactories of boots and shoes, 1 of carriages and wagons, 1 of furniture, 1 of saddlery and harness, 3 flour mills, 2 saw mills, and 3 breweries. Capital, Jefferson City, which is also the capital of the state.
COLE, Thomas, an American painter, born at Bolton-le-Moor, Lancashire, England, Feb. 1, 1801, died at Catskill, N. Y., Feb. 11, 1848. His father, a small woollen manufacturer, after repeated reverses in business, emigrated to America in 1819, and established himself in Steubenville, Ohio. The artist's childhood was unmarked by striking incidents, but the direction of his tastes could be seen in his employment as a designer in a print factory, and in making woodcuts for printers. A fine organization and great fondness for poetry and scenery were his chief characteristics. Two years were spent at Steubenville in the employment of his father, who kept a small shop, when a portrait painter named Stein passed through the town in the pursuit of his vocation, and Cole, fascinated by the sight of his canvas and colors, at once determined to become a painter. With rude materials, mostly prepared by himself, he attempted landscapes and miscellaneous subjects, and finally portraits. In February, 1822, he went on foot to Clairsville, where he proposed to establish himself as a portrait painter. The western states did not then afford a promising field for artists, and both at Clairsville and Zanesville, which he subsequently visited, he not only failed to meet with any encouragement, but when he rejoined his family in the spring at Pittsburgh he was in debt for the means of support during his absence. Undiscouraged by reverses, he spent the spring and summer of 1823 in making careful studies from nature in the vicinity of Pittsburgh, and the autumn saw him established in Philadelphia as a landscape painter. The ensuing winter was one of great privation. He painted small landscapes and comic pieces, and was often glad to find regular employment in ornamenting chairs, brushes, and japanned ware. His powers however were rapidly developing, and in the works of this period may be seen the germ of that rich and harmonious style for which he was afterward distinguished. In the spring of 1825 he removed to New York, where his family were now established, and fixed his studio in the garret of his father's house in Greenwich street. The scenery of the Hudson called out all his artistic enthusiasm, and during a visit to the Catskills in the autumn of this year he painted several landscapes, which were exhibited on his return to the city. These pictures attracted the attention and praise of Durand, Dunlap, and Trumbull, and "from that time," says Bryant in his funeral oration on Cole, "he had a fixed reputation, and was numbered among the men of whom our country has reason to be proud." The next four years found Cole in the enjoyment of great prosperity; commissions flowed in upon him from all quarters; and visits to the White mountains, the Catskills, and Niagara afforded varied and striking studies. But in the midst of a career from which few artists would have cared to deviate, Cole felt that the literal re-
