CRIMMITSCHAU CRITOLAUS 491 now an admitted right tbat every person charged with a criminal offence is entitled to the aid of counsel for his defence, and it is made obligatory upon the judge to assign counsel when the accused has none. (See Code des delits et des peines, art. 187 and 321 ; Code d* instruction criminelle, art. 294, 295.) One of the most important changes recently made in criminal law in the United States is that which in some of the states permits the accused party to appear as a witness before the jury; a change which has led to consider- able controversy, but is believed to prove ac- ceptable wherever tried. CRIMMITSCHAU, or Crimmltzschan, a town of Saxony, on both sides of the Pleisse, 35 m. S. of Leipsic, with which it is connected by rail- way; pop. in 1871, 15,280. It has very ex- tensive manufactories of woollen and cotton goods, to which more recently the manufacture of machinery has been added. CRINOIDEA (Gr. Kpivav, a lily, and eWof, shape), animals in shape like a water lily, consisting of an expanded or spreading disk or closed Crinoldea. bud, upon the end of a long, slender, jointed calcareous stem. The name was given by J. S. Miller, author of the " Natural History of the Crinoidea, or Lily-shaped Animals." They constitute an extinct family of echinoderms of the radiated division of animals, and in the forms of the encrinite and pentacrinite were wonderfully abundant in the limestones of the Silurian period. Their remains now constitute the great portion of the material of strata which extend over large districts, and are several feet thick. Living representatives of the stemmed crinoids are the pentacrinus caput-medusm of the West Indies, and the rhizocrinus of the deep sea off the coast of Norway. CRISPIN AND CRISPINIAN, the tutelary saints of shoemakers, put to death about A. D. 287. The tradition is that they were brothers be- longing to a noble Roman family ; that, becom- ing converts to Christianity, they took refuge in Gaul from the persecution under Diocletian ; and that they preached the gospel at Soissons by day and exercised the trade of shoemakers by night. They had converted multitudes be- fore their martyrdom under Maximian. Their names are found in the principal early martyr- ologies, and their festival is observed on Oct. 25. They were the patrons of the religious community of freres cordonniers, founded in Paris in 1645, suppressed in 1789, and which' has since reappeared and been dissolved. CRISSA, an ancient town of Phocis, called
- | the divine " by Homer. It occupied a beau-
tiful situation at the foot of Mount Parnassus, with lofty mountain heights towering above it, and with the beautiful Crissa3an plain spread out beneath it. The modern town of Chryso, occupying the same site, contains some few remains of this city. Crissa and Cirrha were long regarded by scholars as but different names for the same place, but Ulrichs, Leake, and Grote have shown that Cirrha was the port town of Crissa. The taxes which Cirrha levied upon pilgrims on their way to Delphi caused the first "sacred war," which resulted in the destruction of the town. The fate of Crissa itself is not known. CRITIAS, an Athenian pupil of Gorgias the Leontine and of Socrates, killed in 404 B. 0. He was a man of uncommon energy of charac- ter, possessed high and varied culture, but was destitute of moral principle. He was at once politician, poet, and orator. Some fragments of his elegies are still extant ; a work of his on politics is sometimes mentioned, and Cicero tells us that some of his speeches, then extant, would place him as an orator by the side of Pericles. But he is now known in history mainly as the cruel and vindictive leader of the thirty tyrants. In that memorable but brief reign of terror which immediately succeeded the Peloponnesian war, he rioted in slaughter and blood. He was conspicuous among his colleagues for rapacity and violence, and pun- ished with death the suggestion of moderate measures. He was slain in an engagement with Thrasybulus, who shortly after delivered the city. CRITO, a friend and disciple of Socrates, whom he is said to have supported with his fortune. He made every arrangement for the escape of his master from prison, and used every argument to induce him to save his life by fleeing from his persecutors. His eloquence was however in vain, and Socrates drank the fatal cup (339 B. C.). Crito is a prominent in- terlocutor in one of Plato's dialogues, which is named after him. He was himself a volumi- nous philosophical writer, but all his writings have perished. CRITOLAUS, an Acha3an, who incited his countrymen to insurrection against the Ro- mans. He commanded the Achaean army at the battle of Scarphea, 146 B. C., and when overthrown by Metellus, he either committed suicide or perished in the marshes of the coast.
