646 DALMATIA by sea, 9 per cent, to the exports by land, and 22 per cent, to the transit trade. In 1872 there was no railroad in all Dalmatia. The principal agricultural products are corn, rye, barley, figs, olives, and grapes; but sufficient grain is not produced for the wants of the coun- try, the deficiency being supplied from Hungary and Turkey. Of fruits there are plums, pears, almonds, apples, oranges, lemons, pomegranates, peaches, and apricots. Strong wines are made, but most of them are too sweet, owing to the grapes being left too long on the vines. The country is not rich in metals, although in an- cient times it produced gold. Iron and coal mines are wrought, the latter in the district of Dernis, but the coal is of an inferior quality. The manufactures are insignificant, consisting chiefly of a kind of rough cloth, cotton and woollen stuffs, ropes, twine, leather, and felt. The soil is well suited to the growth of the mulberry, but little silk is produced. Spirits and liquors are distilled, of which maraschino is the most celebrated. Physically the Dal- matians are a fine race, tall, of regular features and dark complexion, and make excellent sol- diers, particularly the Morlaks, who live in the interior. They are also daring sailors, and constituted the strength of Venice in the mid- dle ages. The violent storms and the perilous navigation in the Dalmatian archipelago de- velop their vigor and skill. They love liberty and independence, and have almost always successfully withstood the aggressions of the Turks. The language of the Slavic inhabitants is a dialect of the Illyrico-Servian, which dif- fers but slightly from those spoken by their neighbors in Croatia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Montenegro. Education is much neg- lected. Only 28 per cent, of the children of school age attend school. Dalmatia was formerly divided into the four districts of Zara, Spalato, Kagusa, and Cattaro ; at present (1873) into 12 districts, exclusive of the city of Zara. The Dalmatian diet consists of the president of the diet, the Catholic archbishop, one Greek oriental bishop, and 27 deputies. The Turkish portion of the ancient domain of Dalmatia forms the present province of Herze- govina. The Romans subjugated Dalmatia, after a struggle of nearly 100 years, under Augustus ; and under Diocletian it was one of the most flourishing portions of the empire, he having his residence at Spalato, then a small place near the capital, Salona. In the division of the Roman empire, it was allotted to the eastern half, forming a district of Illyri- cum. The Slavic race (Slavonians, Croats, and Serbs) took possession of it about 600, when the great Germanic migration had scarce- ly left a trace of the ancient inhabitants. The N. portion of the country was conquered by the Hungarians in the llth century, and the southern (Herzegovina) surrendered itself to the protection of Venice, which however could not prevent Dalmatia from being conquered in the 16th century by the Turks, who restored DALRYMPLE most of it to the republic only after long strug- gles, by the peace of Passarowitz (1718). By the treaty of Campo Formio (1797) Austria came into possession of the Venetian portion, and has since ruled Dalmatia with the excep- tion of the period 1805-'13, when it was under the sway of Napoleon, who strove to develop its resources for a navy, and who conferred the title of duke of Dalmatia upon Soult. Austria has begun to increase its commercial prosperity ; she has established a naval acad- emy at Spalato, and tried to deepen several harbors and encourage ship building. In Oc- tober, 1869, a serious insurrection broke out in Dalmatia. The rural inhabitants of the district of Cattaro had resisted the execution of the military law, and formed a large band of armed men, and it was reported that they received heavy reinforcements from .Montenegro and Herzegovina. For several weeks they suc- cessfully kept the Austrian army at bay, but finally were totally defeated at the battle of Lisio, and submitted in December. DALMATIC A, a sacerdotal vestment in the Ro- man Catholic church, distinctive at present of deacons and subdeacons. Originally it was borrowed by the Romans from the Dalmatians, and appears to have been an ample flowing vestment descending to the heels, with wide sleeves which reached to the elbows. It was at first, as a garment of barbarian origin, looked upon with disfavor ; and when Commodus and Heliogabalus appeared with it in public, the people manifested their displeasure. In the 2d century, however, it came into favor, and was worn by bishops, priests, and deacons. St. Cyprian was clothed in a dalmatica when he set out for the place of his execution. At a very early period it was worn by the popes in public functions. John the Deacon men- tions the dalmatica of Gregory the Great. Subsequently it became the appropriate vest- ment of deacons and subdeacons when assisting the priest at the altar. Popes and bishops when they celebrate pontifical mass still wear the silken dalmatica over the alb and beneath the chasuble. Its color originally was white ; but it soon came to be adorned with two purple bands extending from the shoulders the whole length downward before and behind. As worn at present, it is open at the sides, with a hole in the middle for the head ; and of the wide sleeves only the upper part covering the arms to the elbows remains. The French make it of very stiff cloth ; but the Catholics of other countries make it of more graceful shape, and of silk like the chasuble. DALRYMPLE, the name of a Scottish family which rose into importance about the beginning of the 15th century. The following are its most eminent members. I. James, Viscount Stair, born in Drummurchie, Ayrshire, in May, 1619, died Nov. 25, 1695. He received his education at the university of Glasgow, and in his 22d year, while holding a captain's com- mission in the army, was appointed professor
