DAUPHIN DAVENANT 703 Italy, where in the following year he partici- pated in the organization of the Roman repub- lic. Reflected to the council of 500, he was one of the committee appointed to prepare the now constitution of the year VIII. He became under it a member of the tribunate, but his independence caused him to be ejected from that body in 1802. He then devoted himself to letters, and in 1804 was appointed keeper of the archives of the legislative body, and in 1807 of those of France* This office was taken from him in 1815, but restored in 1830. In 1819 he was made professor of history and morals in the college de France, and elected to the chamber of deputies, and became a peer in 1839. Among his works are a continuation of Rulhiere's Histoire de V anarchic de Pologne (1807), Essai historique sur la puissance tem- porelle des papes (4th ed., 1818), and Cours d'etudes historiques (20 vols. 8vo, 1842-'9). DAUPHIN, the title given to the eldest son of the king of France under the Valois and Bourbon dynasties. The official designation was : " By the grace of God, eldest son of the king of France, and dauphin of Yiennois." The title originally belonged to the counts of Dauphiny, one of whom is said to have gained it from the device of a dolphin on his helmet. (See DATJPHIXY.) The last dauphin was Louis Antoine, duke d'Angouleme, who took the title on the accession of his father Charles X., after whose abdication in 1830 he also abdicated in favor of his nephew the duke de Bordeaux. DAUPHIN, a S. E. county of Pennsylvania, bounded W. and S. W. by the Susquehanna river, and drained by many small streams; area, 530 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 60,740. The Kittatinny or Blue mountain crosses the middle of the county, and several parallel ridges extend on each side of it, while South mountain runs along the S. border. Between these ranges are fertile valleys, those of the south being of limestone formation and espe- cially fruitful. The N. part is rich in anthra- cite coal, and iron ore is also found. The Sus- quehanna canal passes along the W. border, and the county is crossed by the Union canal, and by the Pennsylvania Central, the Northern Central, the East Pennsylvania and Lebanon Valley, the Schuylkill and Susquehanna, and the Cumberland Valley railroads. The chief productions in 1870 were 422,637 bushels of wheat, 56,527 of rye, 714,886 of Indian corn, 727,535 of oats, 210,659 of potatoes, 45,672 tons of hay, 766,126 Ibs. of butter, and 44,303 of tobacco. There were 7,002 horses, 10,298 milch cows, 10,371 other cattle, 4,462 sheep, and 19,239 swine; 4 manufactories of cars, 15 of carriages and wagons, 2 of cotton goods, 16 of furniture, 24 of iron in various forms, 1 of nails and spikes, 14 of machinery, 4 of en- gines and boilers, 2 of Bessemer steel, 14 of bricks, 29 of lime, 1 of malt, 1 bookbindery, 17 tanneries, 7 currying establishments, 32 grist mills, 5 saw mills, 18 planing mills, and 3 dis- tilleries. Capital, Harrisburg. 250 VOL. v. 45 DAUPHINY (Fr. le Dauphine, the dauphin- ate, *'. ., of Vienne), an ancient province in the S. E. of France, bounded N. by Burgundy, E. by Savoy and Piedmont, S. by Provence, and W. by Languedoc and Lyonnais, from which it is separated by the Rh6ne. It is divided naturally into upper and lower Dauphiny, por- tions respectively adjoining the Alps and the Rh6ne. The surface of the eastern parts is broken by outliers of the Alps. The climate is cold from the nearness of the mountains, but healthful, and the country produces grain, wine, olives, hemp, and silk. The province now constitutes the departments of Isere, Hautes- Alpes, and Dr6me. The country was ancient- ly occupied by the Allobroges, who were sub- jugated by the Romans A. D. 61. At the fall of the empire it came under the rule of the Bur- gundians, whose king lived at Vienne. After the destruction of the kingdom of Burgundy by the Franks (534), they held the country until the death of Louis II. (879). Then Boso, duke of Lombardy and Provence, proclaimed himself king, and was recognized by Charles the Fat. From this time the country was di- vided among several counts, the most impor- tant of whom, the count of Vienne, took the title dauphin, from which the province came to be named. Subsequently Dauphiny came into possession of the house of Burgundy, and later of that of Tour-du-Pin. In 1343 Hum- bert II., last dauphin of Vienne, being without issue, made Philip of Orleans, younger son of Philip of Valois, his heir, in consideration of 120,000 florins of gold ; and in 1349 he put in possession the grandson of Philip of Valois, afterward King Charles V., himself retiring to a monastery. This cession was confirmed in 1378 by the emperor Charles IV., on whom Dauphiny depended as a fief of the German em- pire. Dauphiny was governed from this time as a separate province by the king's eldest son till 1457, when it was incorporated with the kingdom, Grenoble becoming the capital. The eldest sons of the king, however, continued to bear the title of dauphin. (See DAUPHIN.) The people of Dauphiny early received the religious views of the Vaudois, and in the 16th century the doctrines of the reformers, and suffered most cruel persecutions. In 1692 the duke of Savoy and Prince Eugene laid waste the prov- ince with fire and sword. The Dauphinese were quick to join the revolution, and also to welcome Napoleon on his return from Elba. The boundary between the province and Pied- mont was fixed by treaty March 24, 1760. DAVENANT, or D'Ayenant. I. Sir William, an English dramatist, born at Oxford in Febru- ary, 1605, died in April, 1668. Shakespeare on his journeys from London to Stratford often stopped at the inn kept by the father of Dave- nant, and took considerable notice of the boy, who while still a child wrote an ode to his memory. Leaving college without a degree, he became page to the duchess of Richmond, and afterward to Lord Brooke, who encouraged
