DEAK DEAN 741 of accountability. The most exhaustive es- says on this subject are by C. Guyot of Gro- ningen, and H. P. Peet and his son I. L. Peet of New York. Berthier of Paris is editing the Code Napoleon with reference to the wants of the deaf and dumb. The number of the deaf and dumb who have attained eminence is very small, and all or nearly all have been semi-mutes. Q. Pedius and Navarrete, Mas- sieu and Cletc, Pelissier, Berthier, and Kruse have already been mentioned. In Great Britain we note Walter Geikie, S. R. A. (1795-1837), called "the Teniers of Scotland;" John Kitto, D. D. (1804-'54), editor of the " Biblical Cyclo- pedia" and author of "Daily Bible Illustra- tions ;" and Mr. Lowe, a conveyancer and chamber counsel in London. In France, Baron Eugene de Montbret (1785-1847) was distin- guished as a linguist. In America, James Nack has published several volumes of poems; John R. Burnet has written many contributions to periodicals of a high class; the late Albert New- sam was a leading lithographic artist; John Carlin is known both as a miniature painter and as a writer; and Francis McDonnell has attained some reputation as a sculptor. Mrs. Mary Toles Peet has written numerous fugi- tive poems, and Miss Laura 0. Redden has made her nom de plume of " Howard Glyndon " familiar to magazine readers. DE1K, Ferencz, a Hungarian statesman, born at Sojtor, in the county of Zala, Oct. 17, 1803. He was educated at Oomorn and Raab, studied law, was elected to the diet of 1832-'6, and became the leader of the opposition. He was reflected to the diet of 1839-'40, and to that of 1843-'4, but refused to serve in the latter on account of the instruction given to the representatives to vote against the proposed equality of taxation, to which Deak with some 200 other nobles now voluntarily subjected himself. Failing health compelled him to de- cline the offered election to the diet of 1847-'8 ; but in the spring of 1848, after the decisive victory gained by the opposition, under the lead of Kossuth, over the Austrian govern- ment, he accepted the portfolio of justice in the Batthyanyi ministry. While holding this office he attempted a complete judicial reform, but the scheme was interrupted by the war. The ministry resigning on the outbreak of open hostilities against Austria, he retired to pri- vate life. In December he was a member of the unsuccessful deputation sent to the camp of Windischgratz for the negotiation of peace, was arrested by that commander, but soon released, and took up his abode at Pesth. After rejecting various overtures made him by the Vienna cabinet with the object of gaining him over as a mediator between the dynasty and the Hungarian people, he reappeared in the public arena toward the close of 1860, after the reverses in Italy and financial embarrassments had compelled Francis Joseph to promise the restoration of the national liberties. Elected by the city of Pesth to the diet of 1861, he was acknowledged as the leader in that assembly. But his efforts to bring about a satisfactory so- lution of the national difficulties on the basis of the laws of 1848 failed, and in August, 1861, the diet was dissolved. A new diet was con- voked late in 1865, but was prorogued shortly before the outbreak of the Austrian war with Prussia in 1866. After its disastrous termina- tion the national demands of Hungary, as for- mulated by Deak, then again representative from Pesth, were readily assented to by Beust, the new chief minister of Francis Joseph, and thus the dualistic basis was created on which the Austro-Hungarian empire now rests. (See AUSTRIA, and HUNGARY.) Deak, who had throughout evinced equal firmness and moder- ation, now became the leader of the majority in the diet, which was favorable to the Hun- garian cabinet formed by Andrassy, though occasionally opposing it upon minor points. He has since continued nearly in the same at- titude toward the cabinets of Lonyay (formed in 1871) and Szlavy (in 1872), having been suc- cessively reflected by the city of Pesth. DEAL, a parliamentary and municipal bor- ough and market town of Kent, England, on the North sea, between the N. and S. Fore- lands, 8 m. N. E. of Dover, and 66 m. E. S. E. of London ; pop. in 1871, 8,004. It is divided into Upper and Lower Deal ; the former, which com- prises the residences of the wealthy classes, was a small fishing village in the time of Henry VIII. ; the latter, built on three streets, close to the beach and parallel with the coast, is entirely of modern date, and has most of the business and the bulk of the population. The town contains a spacious esplanade, a public library and reading room, a custom house, a naval yard and storehouse, barracks, a town hall, a jail, baths, gas works, and a nautical school. At its S. end is a fortress built by Henry VIII. in 1539, and on the north is Sandown castle, now used as a coast guard station. There is no harbor, but vessels of all dimensions ride safely in a spacious roadstead called the Downs, between the shore and the Goodwin sands. The latter lie directly opposite the town, and are the scene of frequent shipwrecks. There is little or no foreign commerce, but a brisk trade in naval supplies is carried on with vessels which, at times to the number of 400 or 500, anchor in the Downs while waiting for favora- ble winds. The principal industries are boat building and sail making ; but many of the in- habitants are fishermen, and the skill and daring of the Deal boatmen are almost prover- bial. Deal was annexed to the cinque ports in the 13th century, as a member of Sandwich. Adjoining Deal on the south is the suburban village of Walmer, a resort for sea bathing, where is situated Walmer castle, the official residence of the warden of the cinque ports. DEAN (Lat. decanus, chief of ten ; old Fr. deien ; mod. Fr. doyeri), a title given to certain persons who, in ecclesiastical or lay bodies, are first either in dignity or in seniority. The
