248 DRAPER istry " (12mo, 1846), and another on "Natural Philosophy" (8vo, 1847), which consist of ex- cerpts from his courses of lectures ; and of a treatise on " Human Physiology, Statical and Dynamical, or the Conditions and Course of the Life of Man " (8vo, 1856), many editions of which have been published. His " History of the Intellectual Development of Europe " appeared in 1862, and shortly afterward in Eng- land. It has been translated into French, Ger- man, Italian, Polish, Russian, &c. In 1865 four lectures that he had given before the New York historical society were collected in a volume under the title of "Thoughts on the future Civil Policy of America;" and between 1867 and 1870 appeared in three volumes his " His- tory of the American Civil War." In the pre- paration of this work he enjoyed singular ad- vantages from the friendship and assistance of officers, both civil and military, who had taken a conspicuous part in the events. This work too has been largely translated. To him is due the discovery of many fundamental facts of spectrum analysis; and among his latest pa- pers are " Experimental Examinations of the Distribution of Heat and of Chemical Force in the Spectrum." II. John Christopher, son of the preceding, born in Prince Edward co., Va., March 31, 1835. He graduated in the medical department of the university of the city of New York in 1857, and from 1858 to I860 was professor of physiology in the same institution. For three years he was professor of chemistry in the Cooper union, and he is now (1874) professor of chemistry in the uni- versity medical college, and professor of physi- ology and natural history in the college of the city of New York. He has published a trea- tise " On Respiration" (8vo, New York, 1856), and a " Text Book on Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene" (8vo, 1856); and has contributed freely to English and American medical and scientific journals. HI. Henry, brother of the preceding, born in Prince Edward co., Va., March 7, 1837. He graduated in the medical department of the university of the city of New York in 1858, and since 1860 has been professor of physiology there, and is also professor of physiology and analytical chemistry in the scientific department. He has made, at Has- tings on the Hudson, the largest telescope (28 inches aperture) in the United States, and has devoted much attention to photographic and spectroscopic examination of the moon and other heavenly bodies. He has published a memoir " On the Construction of a Silvered Glass Telescope " (4to, Smithsonian institution, 1864), and "Text Book of Chemistry" (12mo, New York, 1864); and has been a frequent contributor to scientific periodicals. DRAPER, Sir William, an English military officer, born in Bristol in 1721, died in Bath, Jan. 8, 1787. He was educated at Eton and Cambridge, entered the army, won distinction in the East Indies, obtained a colonelcy in 1760, acted as brigadier. at the capture of Belle Isle DRAUGHTS in 1761, and led the land forces at the taking of Manila in 1762. When the first of the "Junius" letters appeared in January, 1769, he came forward under his own name in de- fence of his friend the marquis of Granby. Junius replied with marvellous skill and sharp- ness; two more letters passed on each side, and Sir William then retired from the contest. Six months afterward, when he saw these let- ters republished, he appeared twice again in print to complain of their injustice, and was again worsted by his anonymous antagonist. During the same year he visited America, where he married Miss De Lancey of New York. In 1779 he was appointed lieutenant governor of Minorca, and on the surrender of that island brought 29 charges against the gov- ernor, Murray, for all but two of which he was obliged to offer an apology. DRAUGHTS, a game played by two persons, on a checkered board like the chess board, with 12 or 20 pieces on each side, which cap- ture each other by angular movements governed by certain rules, until the game ends by one player losing all his pieces, or by both players getting their pieces into positions from which they cannot be moved. In America the game is commonly called checkers. In France it is known as le jeu de dames, in Italy as dama, in Germany as Damen. It has been played in Egypt for more than 4,000 years, the Egyptian- Arabic name being dameh, and made its ap- pearance in Europe only three or four centuries ago, when there was much intercourse between southern Europe and Egyptian ports. In Polish, the game has, besides that of dama, the name of arcaby or warcaby, supposed to be equally of oriental origin. In Spanish, the word aje- drez, applied to both chess and draughts, is also of eastern derivation, and appears to be nearly equivalent to the American term checkers. The origin of the game is uncertain. It is sup- posed to have preceded chess, and it is certain that in Egypt, as appears from the monumental paintings, it was common under the earlier Pharaohs. It was played as now with pieces, all of which on the same board were alike in size and form, though on different boards they varied, some being small, others large and rounded at the top or carved into human heads. The kind used by King Rameses II., about 1300 B. C., who is represented on the walls of his palace at Thebes playing at draughts with the ladies of his household, resembled small ninepins, and seem to have been about 1| inch high, on a circular base half an inch ir. diameter. Some have been found of ivory, If inch high and 1| in. diameter, with a small knob at the top. The opposite sets of pieces were distinguished sometimes by their color and sometimes by their form, one set being black, the other white or red, or one set hav- ing round, the other flat tops. It is uncertain how the Egyptians played the game, though from the position of some of the pieces in the paintings it seems that they did not take back-
