316 DOTKELD that of the institutes of medicine in Jefferson college, Philadelphia, which he held until a year before his death. He was a close student of philology and general literature, and en- joyed a high reputation for benevolence, which was especially exercised in giving time and services to the Philadelphia institution for the blind. His principal publications are : " Prin- ciples of Human Physiology" (2 vols. 8vo, Philadelphia, 1832; 8th ed., 1856); "New Dictionary of Medical Science and Literature " (2 vols. 8vo, Boston, 1833 ; 16th ed. ; revised and enlarged, under the title of "A Dictionary of Medical Science," 1 vol. 8vo, Philadelphia, 1865) ; " Elements of Hygiene " (Philadelphia, 1835 ; 2d ed., entitled " Human Health," 1844) " General Therapeutics " (8vo, 1836 ; 6th ed. 1857) ; " Medical Student " (8vo, 1837) "New Remedies" (1839; 7th ed., 1856) " Practice of Medicine " (2 vols., 1842 ; 3d ed. 1848). Dr. Dunglison also translated and edited several foreign medical works. A me- moir by his son, Dr. R. J. Dunglison, was published in 1870. DUNKELD, a town of Perthshire, Scotland, on the left bank of the Tay, 14 m. N. W. of Perth; pop. about 1,000. It lies in a pictu- resque valley, surrounded by mountains. W. of the town, near a bridge crossing the Tay, are the ruins* of a cathedral of mixed Gothic and Saxon architecture, whose choir was built in 1330 by Bishop Sinclair. Bishop Lauder finished the nave in 1450, and the chapter house in 1469. The tower was completed in 1501. The building was 120 ft. long and 60 broad. The choir was repaired by the duke of Athol in 1845, and now forms the parish church. The unroofed nave and aisles are used as a cemetery, and contain some interest- ing monuments. The cathedral was held by a body of lowlanders against the Highlanders after the battle of Killiecrankie, in 1689. It is said that the Culdees had a settlement here in 729. About 850 Kenneth II. removed the relics of St. Golumba hither, and this was the seat of the primacy of Scotland until supplant- ed by St. Andrews. The old residence of the dukes of Athol is near by, and was partly re- built in 1830. It contains in its grounds two larches said to be the first brought into Britain. Dunkeld contains, besides the parish church, Free and Independent churches, and a royal grammar school founded by James VI. DUNKERS, or Tnnkers, a religious denomina- tion founded in 1708, at Schwarzenau, Ger- many, by Alexander Mack and seven others, who, without any knowledge of the existence of other Baptists, were led by reading the Bible to the rejection of pfedobaptism. The name Danker or Tunker (from the German tunlcen, to dip) was originally given them as a nickname to distinguish them from the Men- nonites. They are also called Tumblers from their mode of baptism, which is by putting the person while kneeling head first under water. They are also called German Baptists, while they DUNKERS themselves take the name of Brethren. In Ger- many they established two societies in addition to the original congregation, but these were soon driven by persecution to Crefeld and Holland, while the congregation removed voluntarily to Friesland. Between 1719 and 1729 they all emi- grated to America, to which the denomination has since been confined. They are most nu- merous in Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, Ohio, and Indiana. According to recent statis- tics, they have over 500 churches, with more than 50,000 communicants. Their church government is nearly the same as that of other Baptists, except that every brother is allowed to exhort. When they find a man apt to teach, they choose him to be their minister, and or- dain him by the laying on of hands, attended with fasting and prayer and giving the right hand of fellowship. They also have deacons and deaconesses. From among the teachers who have been tried they choose bishops. An elder among them is, in general, the first or oldest chosen teacher in a congregation which has no bishop. Their annual meeting in May is attended by the bishops, teachers, and other rep- resentatives chosen by the congregations. Im- portant cases brought before these meetings are in general decided by a committee of five of the oldest bishops. They use great plain- ness of dress and language, like the society of Friends ; and, like them, they neither take oaths nor fight. They will not go to law, and until lately the taking of interest on money was not allowed among them. They celebrate the Lord's supper, with accompanying usages of love feasts, the washing of feet, the kiss of charity, and the right hand of fellowship. They anoint the sick with oil for recovery, and use trine im- mersion, with laying on of hands and prayer, even while the person baptized is in the water. They believe in general redemption, though it is with them not an article of faith. From the Dunkers, as a sect, must be distinguished the Seventh Day Dunkers, also called the German Seventh Day Baptists. They were established by Conrad Beissel, a native of Germany, who had been educated for the ministry at Halle. When a member of the Dunker society at Miihl- bach (Mill Creek), Lancaster co., Pa., he pub- lished (1725) a tract to prove that the seventh day, and not the first day, was established by Jehovah for ever as the sabbath. This created some disturbance in the society, and he retired to a hermitage on the banks of the Cocalico. He was discovered and joined by many of the so- ciety at Mill Creek, who settled around him in isolated cottages, establishing the first commu- nity of Seventh Day Dunkers in 1728. In 1733 a monastic society was established, constituting, with the buildings subsequently erected by the community, the irregular enclosed village of Ephrata. The habit of the Capuchins or white friars was adopted by both the brethren and sisters. Monastic names were given to all who entered the cloister. In 1740 there were 36 single brethren in the cloister and 35 sisters,
