326 DUQUESNE Louis XIV. bestowed upon him the estate of Du Bouchet with the title of marquis. He was ordered to clear the Mediterranean of the Barbary pirates ; defeated the Tripolitans off the island of Scio in 1681 ; attempted in 1682 the bombardment of Algiers, which stormy weather obliged him to abandon ; resumed it the next year, and forced the dey to sue for peace. The first condition imposed by Du- quesne was the liberation of a considerable number of Christian slaves. In 1684 he led a successful expedition against Genoa, and soon after retired to his native city. Duquesne was a firm Protestant, and after the revocation of the edict of Nantes he alone of all the French Protestants was permitted to remain in France and retain his rank and honors. His four sons, two of whom, Henri and Abraham, had served under him with great distinction, were compelled to leave their country; but their father obtained from them a promise, which they rigidly kept, never to serve against France. See Duquesne et la marine de son temps, by Henri Plon (Paris, 1872). DUQUESNE, Fort. See PITTSBURGH. 1)1 RAM, or IMmio, Joze de Santa Rita, a Bra- zilian poet, born near Mariana, province of Minas Geraes, in 1737, died in Lisbon in 1783. He became an Augustinian monk after gradu- ating as doctor of divinity at the university of Coimbra, and was professor of theology there from 1771 till his death. His chief work is a poem founded on the story of the Galician adventurer Diogo Alvarez Correa, surnamed Caramuru, the legendary hero of Bahia, which was published at Lisbon in 1781, under the title of Caramuru, poema epico do descobrimen- to da Bahia, and a French version appeared at Paris in 1829. The poem has gradually risen to the rank of a national epic in Brazil. Duram wrote other poems and prose works. DURAND, Asher Brown, an American painter and engraver, born at Jefferson, Morris co., N. J., Aug. 21, 1796. His art education com- menced in the shop of his father, a skilful watchmaker, where he acquired some knowl- edge of the elementary processes of engraving. His first attempts at the production of prints were made with plates hammered out of cop- per coins, and with tools of his own construc- tion, his models being the cards inserted in the cases of watches. In 1812 he was apprenticed to Peter Maverick, an engraver of New York, with whom after the expiration of his term in 1817 he entered into partnership. His engra- ving of TrumbuU's "Declaration of Indepen- dence," which cost him three years' labor, brought him into general notice, and thence- forth for many years his graver was in con- stant demand. His "Musidora" and "Ari- adne," the latter engraved from Vanderlyn's picture, are among the most creditable speci- mens of the art produced in this country. In 1835, having for the previous ten years been a regular contributor of portraits, small figure pieces, or landscapes in oil, to the exhibi- DURANGO tions of the national academy of design, he finally abandoned engraving as a profession. For several years he painted portraits, land- scapes, and occasionally figure pieces, but sub- sequently gave his exclusive attention to land- scape painting. His pictures are pleasing in color and tone, and those representing wood- land scenes are conceived with poetic feeling, and present fine studies of trees and foliage. His collected works, many of which are of large dimensions, and some of which have been engraved, would convey an unusually correct idea of American scenery under many differ- ent aspects. In 1854 he painted a portrait of William 0. Bryant, the engraving from which, published in 1858, received its finishing touches from his hand. Mr. Durand was for many years president of the national academy of de- sign, succeeding Prof. Morse. His son, JOHN DURAND, conducted for several years a month- ly publication called " The Crayon," devoted especially to the interests of the fine arts. He is also the translator of a number of Taine's works, including "Ideal in Art" (1808); " Italy : Rome and Naples " (1868) ; " Italy : Florence and Venice " (1869) ; " Philosophy of Art : Art in the Netherlands" (1870) ; and "Art in Greece" (1871). DURANGO. I. A N. state of Mexico, bound- ed N. by Chihuahua, E. by Coahuila, S. E. by Zacatecas, S. by Jalisco, and W. by Sinaloa ; area, 42,643 sq. m. ; pop. in 1868, 185,077. The surface in the W. portion is broken by the Sierra Madre ; in the E. are many large plains, with very fertile soil; the N. W. portion is a dreary waste, inhabited by savages. The principal rivers are the Rio de las Palmas, the Nazas, the Mezquital, and the Zunal, all rising in the Sierra Madre. The climate is cold on the mountains, hot on the W. slopes, and temperate in the remainder of the state. Agriculture is neglected, because of the fre- quent incursions of Indians from the north, by which the herds that once constituted the riches of the inhabitants have been almost entirely destroyed. On western slopes and in sheltered valleys the sugar cane and other tropical plants and fruits are produced; flax and potatoes grow wild in the Sierra Madre ; and large quantities of cotton are raised in the valleys. Wheat and other cereals and vegetables of the temperate zone yield large crops in the central districts. Gold is abun- dant near Santa Maria del Oro, where large quantities of it were once extracted ; near the capital are an iron mountain and inexhaustible mines; copper and lead are plentiful ; and argen- tiferous beds are numerous in the Sierra Madre. There are some schools and colleges ; and the government is making efforts for the general diffusion of education. Under the Spaniards the state was called New Biscay. II. A city, capital of the state, near the foot of the S. E. slope of the Sierra Madre, in lat. 24 4' N., Ion. 104 20' W., 480 m. N. N. W. of Mexico ; pop. in 1868, 12,449. The city, which is nearly 7,000
