594 ENDLIOHER ENDOSMOSE tered subsequently the archiepiscopal seminary in the latter city. After having received the minor clerical orders, he abandoned theology and devoted himself to the study of the natu- ral sciences, especially botany. He continued at the same time his studies of the oriental languages, and obtained in 1828 a position in the court library of Vienna, where he was in- trusted with the compilation of a new cata- logue of the manuscripts. In 1836 he was appointed keeper of the court cabinet of natu- ral history, and in 1840 professor of botany and director of the botanical garden of the uni- versity. During this period he exhausted his personal resources in supplying the institution with costly materials for the study of botany which the government failed to procure, and in publishing or aiding others in publishing valuable works. He corresponded with scien- tific men and institutions in every part of the world, and was one of the chief founders of the Vienna academy and of the Annalen des Wiener Museums. He presented his own choice library and rich herbaria to the state, and passed sev- eral hours every week for ten years in the soci- ety of the emperor Ferdinand ; but he received no other reward than the title of Regierungs- rath. The political turmoil of 1848 found him in pecuniary embarrassment, and becoming known as a sympathizer of the popular party, he was made the butt of the intrigues of his enemies, which hastened his death. Some be- lieve that he died by his own hand. He made valuable contributions to the science of old German and classic literature, and pointed out new sources of Hungarian history, publishing Fragmenta Theotisca Versionis antiquissimm Evangelii Matthcei (edited with Hoffmann von Fallersleben, 1834) ; an edition of two poems of Priscian (1828) ; and Anonymi Belm Regis Notarii de Gestis Hungarorum Liber (1827). His linguistic publications comprise Analecta Orammatica (with Eichenfeld, 1836), and An- fangsgrunde der chinesischen Grammatik (1845). His Verzeichniss der japanesischen und chinesischen Munzen des Icaiserlichen Munz- und AntiTcencabinets (1837) and Atlas von China nach der Aufnahme der Jesuitenmis- siondre (1843) are finely executed, and deserve mention as specimens of his great liberality. The majority and the most valuable of his works treat on botany. Foremost among them are his Genera Plantarum (1831-'41), in which he lays down a new system of classification ; Grundzuge einer neuen Theorie der Pflanzen- erzeugung (1838); and Die Medicinalpflanzen der osterreichischen Pharmalcopde (1842). The principal of his other botanical works are: Ceratotheca (1822) ; Flora Posoniensis (1830) ; Diesingia (1832); Atacta Botanica (1833); Iconographia Generum Plantarum (1838); Enchiridium Botanicum (1841) ; and Synopsis Coniferarum Sancti Galli(l%tf.) Besides these he wrote several works in conjunction with other scholars, and many of his minor writings are scattered among the periodicals of his time, especially in the Annalen des Wiener Musevwg. (See BOTANY.) ENDOGENS (Gr. Ivdav, within, and ytveiv, to produce), a class of plants so called because their stems increase in diameter by the deposition of new woody matter in the centre, in contra- distinction to exogens, whose stems increase by the formation of a new layer of wood out- side of that previously formed, and immediately beneath the bark. In endogens the stem has no medullary rays, concentric rings, or appa- rent distinction of pith, wood, and bark, but consists of fibres of woody or vascular tis- sue, distributed with little apparent regularity through the cellular system of the stem. They may be traced from the base of the leaves downward, some passing into the roots, and others curving outward until they lose them- selves in the rind or cortical integument, which differs from the bark of exogens in that it does not increase by layers, and cannot be separated from the wood. As the plant grows, new threads or fibres spring from the freshly formed leaves, and passing first down the centre of the stem crowd the old ones out, and are finally directed toward the rind. In some plants the rind, being soft, is capable of unlimited disten- tion ; in others it soon indurates, and the stem consequently ceases to grow in diameter. The best example of this class of plants is the palm, whose branchless trunk, rising from 30 to 150 feet from the ground, and terminated by a sim- ple cluster of foliage, has a striking and majes- tic appearance. The growth of this tree is from the terminal bud, and if the bud is de- stroyed the tree perishes. In some instances, as in the doum palm of Upper Egypt, and the pandanus or screw pine, two terminal buds ap- pear and branches then shoot forth. The as- paragus is an example of endogenous growth. Endogens are monocotyledonous ; the veins of their leaves are almost uniformly in parallel lines connected by simple transverse bars; their flowers are trimerous, or have their se- pals, petals, stamens, and styles in threes. They luxuriate in hot and humid climates, and comprise the greater number of plants contrib- uting to the food of man, and but a small propor- tion of poisonous plants. They are generally shorter lived than exogens, though the dragon tree and others, whose growth is not limited by the hardening of the cortical integument of the stem, may attain a great age. The average age of the palms is perhaps 200 or 300 years. ENDOR, a town of Palestine, W. of the Jor- dan, assigned to the tribe of Manasseh, al- though situated within the territory of Issa- char. It was in a solitary valley, not far from this town, that the sorceress resided whom Saul went to consult on the evening before the fatal battle of Gilboa. ENDOSMOSE (Gr. ivdov, within, and ucr/zdf, impulsion), the action exhibited by one of two fluids of different densities and composition in passing through an organic membrane which separates them, till they become both of the
