Hesse, Saxe-Weimar, the three Saxon duchies, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, and the two principalities of Reuss and that of Anhalt, the troops of which states are likewise by special conventions most closely united with the Prussian army, and have all their officers appointed by the emperor; 3, the contingents of the two grand duchies of Mecklenburg, whose officers are likewise appointed by the emperor; 4, the contingent of Brunswick; 5, the contingent of Saxony, forming a separate army corps; 6, the contingent of Würtemberg, one corps; 7, the contingent of Bavaria, two corps. In time of war several corps are formed into an army, each army embracing from two to four corps. The army corps, both in peace and war, is subdivided into divisions, brigades, regiments, and battalions. In 1873 the army on the peace footing embraced 17,036 officers and 401,659 rank and file, with 96,158 horses and 1,198 guns; divided into 148 regiments of infantry, 26 battalions of chasseurs, 93 regiments of cavalry, 35 regiments of field artillery, 13 regiments of foot artillery, 19 battalions of engineers, 18 battalions of train, and 293 battalions in depots of landwehr. On the war footing the army numbered 31,006 officers and 1,276,526 rank and file, of whom 676,486 were field troops with siege train, 245,793 reserve troops, and 354,247 garrisons. The fleet of war of the empire consisted of 42 steamers (of which 5 were ironclads), of 45,070 horse power and carrying 277 guns, and 5 sailing vessels, with 94 guns; 8 additional steamers were in course of construction. The navy was manned by 3,840 seamen and boys, and officered by 1 admiral, 1 vice admiral, 3 rear admirals, 44 captains, and 237 lieutenants. Germany has four ports of war, Kiel, Dantzic, and Stralsund on the Baltic, and Wilhelmshaven in the bay of Jahde on the North sea.—Protestantism is professed by 62.3 per cent, of the population, Roman Catholicism by 36.2. The Protestants of the state churches, who are divided into Lutherans and German Reformed church, or united under the name of Evangelical church, in 1871 numbered 25,581,709; the free Protestant churches, as the Baptists, Methodists, Moravians, Free congregations, Irvingites, &c., number 114,000. In Prussia, the Protestants constitute 65 per cent. of the total population; in Alsace-Lorraine, 17; in Bavaria, 27; in Baden, 33; in Würtemberg and Hesse, 68; in Oldenburg, 76; in Hamburg, 91; in all the other states, from 96 to 99. The Catholics have thus a majority in only three states, Bavaria, Baden, and Alsace-Lorraine. Of the German princes two, the kings of Bavaria and Saxony, are Catholics. The number of Old Catholics was estimated in 1873 at 55,000. The Jews number 499,000, or about 72 per cent.; they are most numerous in Hamburg, where they constitute 4.4 per cent.; they are 3.1 per cent. in Hesse, 2.7 in Alsace-Lorraine, 1.8 in Baden, 1.3 in Prussia, from 1 to 1.3 in Bavaria, Lippe, Waldeck, Anhalt, Lübeck, and Schaumburg, and less than 1 per cent, in all the other states. The Protestant state churches in all the larger and most of the smaller states have now a synodal constitution; only in a few of the latter the government still clings to the consistorial constitution, in virtue of which the church is wholly ruled by consistories appointed by the state governments. There has been since 1846 a bond of union for all the states (inclusive of Austria) in the Evangelical church conferences, consisting of delegates of the several church governments, who meet biennially for the discussion of the common interests of the German Protestant churches. An agitation for the convocation of an imperial synod (Reichssynode) has begun, and is gaining ground. The Roman Catholic church has five archbishops (Cologne, Posen, Munich, Bamberg, and Freiburg), 20 bishops, and three vicars apostolic. At the general meetings of the German bishops, the archbishop of Cologne presides. The Old Catholics in 1873 elected a missionary bishop for the German empire, who was recognized by the governments of Prussia, Baden, and Hesse as a bishop of the Catholic church.—There are 20 universities: Berlin, Bonn, Breslau, Erlangen, Freiburg, Giessen, Göttingen, Greifswald, Halle, Heidelberg, Jena, Kiel, Königsberg, Leipsic, Marburg, Munich, Rostock, Strasburg, Tübingen, and Würzburg. Each of these has the four faculties of theology, law, medicine, and philosophy. Breslau, Bonn, and Tübingen have two theological faculties, Catholic and Protestant; in Munich, Würzburg, and Freiburg, the theological faculty is Catholic, in all the others Protestant. Among the universities is sometimes also reckoned the academy of Münster, with two faculties, Catholic theology and philosophy. Munich, Würzburg, and Tübingen have each a faculty of political economy, and Tübingen one of natural sciences. Altogether the German universities in 1873 had 1,637 professors and 17,463 students. Germany has 10 polytechnic institutes, a number of theological schools, agricultural colleges, mining academies (Freiburg, Berlin, and Clausthal), and other special schools of every kind. There are 330 gymnasia, 14 Realgymnasien, 214 progymnasia and Latin schools, and 485 Realschulen and Bürgerschulen of a higher grade. Together, these secondary schools have 177,000 pupils. The number of normal schools is 190; of public primary schools, 58,000, with 5,900,000 pupils. On an average there are 150 pupils to every 1,000 inhabitants; this proportion is considerably exceeded in Brunswick, Anhalt, Oldenburg, Saxony, and the Thuringian states, but it is not reached in Mecklenburg and Bavaria. In all German states the attendance of all children at school for at least five years is made compulsory by law; and in some states, especially in central Germany and in Würtemberg, those who are unable to read and write are very rare exceptions. Nearly all the capital cities have large public libraries, museums of art, scientific
