LEWALD past of the Martyrs " and " Ruth and Naomi " (1859) ; " Bringing in the Hay " (1861) ; " Ver- cingetorix surrendering to Caesar " (1863) ; "Idyl" (1864); "Diana" (1865); "Death of Orpheus" (1866); "The Rainbow" (1868); "Music" (1869); and "Christ at the Sepul- chre" (1873). He received the cross of the legion of honor in 1867. LEW1LD. I. Johann Karl August, a German author, born in Konigsberg, Oct. 14, 1792, died in Munich, March 10, 1871. He passed from the gymnasium to a mercantile house, accompanied the Russian general Rosen as secretary in the campaigns of 1813-'! 5, and subsequently in his travels through Europe. In 1817 he became associated at Breslau with Schell and Holtei, with whom he wrote the comedy Der Grosspapa. He was for nine years connected as actor or director with the theatres at Briinn, Munich, Nuremberg, and Bamberg, and he was afterward for four years stage manager at Hamburg. After visiting Paris and Italy a second time, he established himself in 1834 at Stuttgart, where he found- ed the journal Europa, which he edited for 12 years. In 1850 he became one of the ed- itors of the Deutsche Chronilc, a conservative journal, and shortly after he joined the Roman Catholic church. From 1849 to 1862 he was stage manager of the court theatre in Stutt- gart. In the latter year he was pensioned, and retired to Munich, where he resided until his death. His works comprise novels, transla- tions, critical essays, and sketches of travel. Most of them are contained in his Gesammelte Werke (12 vols., Leipsic, 1844-'5). His latest productions are : TornisterMcJiel (Schaffhau- sen, 1861) ; Der Insurgent (1865) ; Inigo, eine Bilderreihe aus dem Leben des heiligen Igna- tius von Loyola (1870) ; and Letzte Fahrten (Mentz, 1871). II. Fanny, a German author- ess, cousin of the preceding, born in Konigs- berg, March 24, 1811. Her father, a promi- nent Jewish merchant, consented to her em- bracing Christianity in 1828, and made her his companion in his travels. In 1834 she wrote some fairy tales. At the suggestion of her cousin she wrote her first novel for his Europa (1841), and in the following four years she published anonymously a series of novels indicating her sympathies with social and political reforms. "While in Italy in 1845, where her father died, she became intimate with Adolf Stahr, a distinguished German au- thor, and married him ten years later at Ber- lin, their place of residence, retaining however her maiden name for her publications. She described her travels in Italienisches Bil- derbuch (2 vols., Berlin, 1847) and Reisetage- buch aus England und Scliottland (2 vols., Brunswick, 1852), and wrote in the short space of a few days Divgena, Roman von Idu- na Grafin von H. H. (2d ed., Leipsic, 1847), a satire against Countess Hahn-Hahn, the nov- elist, which had a great success. Among her other works are : Prinz Louis Ferdinand (3 LEWES 381 vols., Breslau, 1849; 3d ed., 1869); Wandlun- gen (3 vols., Brunswick, 1853) ; Neue Romane (5 vols., Berlin, 1858-'61) ; the village story Das Mddchen von Hela (2 vols., 1860); her autobiography, Meine Lebensgeschichte (6 vols., 1861); and the novel Von Geschlecht zu Ge- scUecht (8 vols., 1863-'5). She also wrote the most interesting portion of her husband's Ein Winter in Rom (2d ed., 1871). In 1869 she joined Jenny Hirsch in editing Die Frauen- welt, a periodical devoted to woman's rights, and in 1870 appeared her Fur und wider die Frauen and Nella, in 1871 Die Unzertrenn- licJien and Pflegeeltern, and in 1874 Benedict. Her collected works have been published in 30 parts (Berlin, 1871 et seq.). LEWES, a parliamentary borough and town of Sussex, England, on the Ouse, 42 m. S. of London; pop. of the town in 1871, 10,753. It has a grammar school, almshouses which are believed to have been founded by a daughter of William the Conqueror, a county jail, a the- atre, and barracks. It carries on a brisk trade. Here, in 1264, Henry III. was defeated and cap- tured by Simon de Montfort and the barons. LEWES. I. George Henry, an English author, born in London, April 18, 1817. After re- ceiving an unusually varied education, partly in England and partly on the continent, he became a clerk in the office of a Russian mer- chant. He soon abandoned mercantile life to pursue the study of medicine; and still later he decided to devote himself entirely to litera- ture and philosophy. With this end in view he spent the years 1838-'9 in study in Germany, and on his return to London he at once began an active literary career, gaining an early repu- tation as a versatile thinker and brilliant wri- ter, especially upon philosophical and scientific subjects. He contributed to the leading re- views, especially to the "Edinburgh," "West- minster," "Foreign Quarterly," and "British Quarterly," and to Black wood's and Eraser's magazines. In 1849 he assumed the literary editorship of the " Leader " newspaper, found- ed in that year, and retained it till 1854. He continued to devote himself almost exclusively to the literature of philosophy and science, and many of his investigations of psychological phenomena and kindred subjects excited much attention among scientific men. Among the pa- pers prepared by him in this field of study, the most noteworthy are his essays " On the Spinal Cord as a Centre of Sensation and Volition," read before the British association in 1858, and "On the Nervous System" (three papers, 1859). In 1865 he founded the "Fortnightly Review," of which he was editor until the end of 1866, when he resigned the post because of ill health. The philosophical works by which Mr. Lewes is most widely known are his " Bio- graphical History of Philosophy, from Thales to Comte" (1847; 4th ed., partly rewritten, 2 vols., 1871), in which, while giving a review of the different philosophical systems, he shows his own strongly marked positivist opinions ;
