T36 LUTKE LUXEMBOURG nary. The mission established by L. Harms in 1849, the Leipsic mission, and various other ac- tive and useful societies in every part of the Lu- theran church, attest its continued missionary life. The idea of union in the practical work of religion among Christians of different creeds originated with Urlsperger of Augsburg (1780). The number of members of the Lutheran church throughout the world is estimated at more than 40,000,000. Of the 25,000,000 of Protestants in the German empire, 20,000,000 at least are Lutherans. Austria had in 1870 a Lutheran population of 1,365,000 ; in the three Scandinavian kingdoms, the population of upward of V, 500, 000, and in Finland the population of 1,800,000, are almost entirely Lutheran. In Holland are 72,000 Lutherans, and in Kussian Poland 240,000. The Baltic provinces of Russia are almost entirely Lu- theran. Russia, exclusive of Poland and Fin- land, has a Lutheran population of 1,900,000 souls. France has 700,000 Lutherans. In the United States the number of communicants (about 550,000) would in a moderate estimate imply a total population of not less tjian 3,000,- 000. There are large numbers of Lutherans in Australia. See Gobel, Die religiose Eigen- ihumlichkeiten der lutherischen und der re- formirten KircJien (Bonn, 1837) ; A. G. Ru- delbach, Reformation, Lutherthum und Union (Leipsic, 1839) ; M. Schneckenburger, Ver- gleichende Darstellung des lutherischen und reformirten Lehrbegriffs (Stuttgart, 1855) ; F. J. Stahl, Die lutherische KircJie und die Union (2d ed., Berlin, 1860) ; L. F. A. Kahnis, Prin- cipien des Protestantismus (Leipsic, 1865), and Gang des deutschen Protestantismus (3d ed., 1874) ; J. A. Seiss, Ecclesia Luther and (Phil- adelphia, 1868); 0. P. Krauth, "Augsburg Confession, with Introduction and Notes " (Philadelphia, 1868), and " The Conservative Reformation and its Theology, as represented in the Augsburg Confession and in the His- tory and Literature of the Evangelical Lu- theran Church " (1871). LUTKE, Feodor Petrovitch, a Russian traveller, born in 1797. He early entered the navy, and accompanied Golovnin in his explorations of Nova Zembla (1817-'19), and Staniukovitch in circumnavigating the globe (182 6-' 9). Subse- quently he became instructor of the grand duke Constantino Nikolayevitch, and rose to the rank of vice admiral in 1843. In 1845 he promoted the establishment of the geograph- ical society, of which he was several times vice president. He was governor of Revel from 1850 to 1853, and afterward of Cronstadt, and became in 1855 a member of the council of state, with the full rank of admiral. In 1864 he succeeded Bludoff as president of the acad- emy of sciences. His principal works are : " Four Journeys through the Northern Arctic in 1821-'4" (St. Petersburg, 1828; German translation by Erman, Berlin, 1835), and a nar- rative of his journey round the world, inclu- ding his discovery of three new groups of islands, which, after the name of his ship, he called the Seniavin islands (3 vols., St. Peters- burg, 1834-'6; French translation, 3 vols., Paris, 1835-'6). LUTON, a town of Bedfordshire, England, on the Lea, 26 m. N. W. of London ; pop. in 1871, 17,317. It has a fine Gothic church, a national school, a union workhouse, and manufactorie9 of straw hats. Luton Hoo Park, formerly the seat^of the marquis of Bute, is in the vicinity. LUTZEN, a town of Prussian Saxony, 10 m. S. W. of Leipsic ; pop. in 1871, 2,649. It is no- ted in history as the scene of the battle fought Nov. 6 (new style 16), 1632, between Gustavus Adolphus and Wallenstein, in which the Swe- dish king lost his life, his army being victori- ous; and of another (May 2, 1813) between Napoleon and the allied Russians and Prus- sians, in which the allies after a temporary suc- cess were defeated, losing 10,000 men, but no standards, while the French lost 12,000 men. LUTZOW, Ludwig Adolf Wilhelm, baron, a Prus- sian general, born May 18, 1782, died in Ber- lin, Dec. 6, 1834. He was celebrated as the leader of a corps of soldiers, chiefly composed of young noblemen, organized in 1813 against the French. It was called after him Lutzou?- sches Freicorps, and more generally the black huntsmen (schwarze Jager). Korner was a member of this corps. LUWACK. See PAEADOXUEUS. LUX, Adam, a German enthusiast, born at Obernburg, Bavaria, in 1766, executed in Paris, Nov. 4, 1793. He was the son of a farmer, and studied medicine, but did not practise on account of his repugnance to surgical opera- tions, and was for some time a teacher at Mentz. He became an ardent partisan of the French revolution, and after the occupation of Mentz by French troops was elected to the Rhenish-German convention, and deputed by that body in March, 1793, to represent it, to- gether with Georg Forster, in the French con- vention. He subsequently conceived a roman- tic feeling of admiration for the Girondists, and made himself conspicuous by his eagerness to become a martyr in their cause. After their downfall he published a violent manifesto, Avis aux citoyens, against the terrorists, whom he challenged to imprison or to guillotine him. The execution of Charlotte Corday aroused his enthusiasm to the highest pitch, and he pub- lished a pamphlet extolling her heroism, and again asked as a favor to be put to death. His demonstrations became so violent that his re- quest was granted, and he perished on the guil- lotine. One of his daughters inherited his idio- syncrasies, and killed herself because she had fallen in love with Jean Paul Richter, whom she knew only by his writings, and who had remained indifferent to her passionate letters. LUXEMBOURG, Francois Henri de Montmorency- BonteTille, duke de Luxembourg-Pinei, a French soldier, born in Paris, Jan. 8, 1628, died Jan. 4, 1695. He was the posthumous son of Fran- 9013 de Montmorency, count de Bouteville.
