502 MICHIGAN respecting it as if unmarried. The principal grounds of divorce are adultery, impotence at the time of marriage, imprisonment for three years, desertion for two years, habitual drunk- enness, and extreme cruelty. The rate of in- terest is 7 per cent., but as high as 10 per cent, may be stipulated for in writing. Michigan is entitled to two senators and nine represen- tatives in congress, and therefore has eleven votes in the electoral college. The valuation of property, according to the United States censuses, has been as follows : A6 SE88ED VAL0 E. True value of real and person- Real estate. Personal estate. Total. al property. 1850 $59 787,255 1860. . . 1370. . . $128.605,084 224,663,667 $89,927,921 47,579,250 $163,583,005 272,242,917 257,163,983 719,208,118 The total taxation not national in 1870 was $5,412,957, of which $396,352 was state tax, $1,565,163 county, and $3,451,442 town, city, &c. The total debt amounted to $6,725,231, of which $2,385,028 was state, $1,275,479 county, and $3,064,724 town, city, &c. The receipts into the state treasury during the year ending .Sept 30, 1873, were $2,192,431 52; balance on hand at the beginning of the year, $977,- 224 03; disbursements, $2,314,942 11 ; balance in treasury at the close of the year, $854,713 44. The items of receipt were as follows: from direct taxes, $982,230 50 ; specific taxes, $347,- 554 74, of which $211,239 56 were from rail- road companies, $113,131 84 from insurance companies, $18,778 37 from mining companies, $2,236 43 from telegraph companies, $2,016 54 from express companies, and $152 from river improvement companies; sale of lands, $230,- 760 42 ; interest on part paid lands, $73,602 45 ; St. Mary's canal, $29,271 85 ; 5 per cent, from United States on sale of public lands, $28,- 723 20; miscellaneous sources, $253,424 67; total cash receipts, $1,945,567 83; receipts in .land warrants, $233,170 01 ; refundings and .reimbursements, $13,693 68. The disburse- ments were as follows : for principal of state debt, $502,000; interest on state debt, $117,- 748 48; interest on trust funds, $196,318 62; interest on part paid lands, paid to educational institutions, $55,490 39; state institutions, from appropriations, $380,756 50 (university $90,000, normal school $15,384 07, agricultural college $25,096, state public school $36,513 43, reform school $18,500, state prison $27,800, insane asylums $127,400, deaf and dumb and blind asylum $40,063); new state offices and new capitol, $129,143 76; on account of canal, $14,207 80; miscellaneous, $672,412 87 (in- cluding for printing and binding $88,247 96, paper and stationery $44,423 56, salaries $148,- N r 89, pay and contingent expenses of legisla- itire $75,176 48); total disbursements in cash, $2,008,078 42; disbursements in land war- rants, $233,170 01; refunding and reimburse- ments, $13,693 68. The taxable value of prop- erty in 1871, when the last assessment was made, was $630,000,000. The taxation for state purposes for the year ending Sept. 30, 1874, was $982,230 50, or 15'59 cents on $100. The items are as follows : for agricultural col- lege, $37,398; insane asylums, $169,000; gen- eral purposes, $300,000; institution for deaf and dumb and blind, $46,000; military fund, $33,382 50; new state capitol, $200,000; state prison building, $50,000; state public school, $43,000; state reform school, $33,950; univer- sity, $69,500. The total taxation, not inclu- ding city taxes in the larger cities and special assessments (amounting probably to $1,000,- 000), for the year ending Sept. 30, 1873, was $11,660,055 84, viz. : state, $829,976 05 ; coun- ty, $2,660,513 35; township, $1,963,113 22; highway, $2,537,807 27; school, $3,098,688 39; drain, $241,864 60 ; miscellaneous, $328,092 96. The total bonded debt of the state Sept. 30, 1873, was $1,733,292 78, of which $1,699,000 was interest-bearing, viz.: due Jan. 1, 1878, $353,000; due July 1, 1878, $111,000; canal bonds (guaranteed by state) due July 1, 1879, $73,000; due Jan. 1, 1883, $699,000; due May 1, 1890, $463,000. The rate of interest on the last amount is 7 per cent. ; on the rest, 6 per cent. The cash in the treasury applicable to the payment of this debt amounted to $412,- 000 81. The trust debt was as follows: pri- mary school funds, $2,401,198 86 ; university fund, $331,234 03; agricultural college fund, $103,192 39; normal school fund, $50,138 22; railroad and other deposits, $4,227 46; total, $2,889,990 96. The charitable, penal, pauper, and reformatory institutions are under the gen- eral supervision of a board of four commis- sioners (besides the governor ex officio), who are appointed by the governor with the con- sent of the senate for eight years, one reti- ring every two years. The state institutions under their charge are the state prison at Jackson, the state reform school at Lansing, the state public school at Coldwater, the asy- lum for the insane at Kalamazoo, and the in- stitution for the education of the deaf and dumb and the blind at Flint. The state prison was established in 1838. The grounds em- brace about 80 acres, of which 10| are enclosed within the prison walls. The number of cells is 648 ; they are built of stone, and each is 8 ft. 4 in. long, 3 ft. 4 in. wide, and 7 ft. high. The prisoners labor an average of about nine hours each week day in workshops in the en- closure; their services are let to contractors, and they are employed chiefly in the manufac- ture of furniture, wagons, agricultural imple- ments, cigars, and boots and shoes. For the last few years the prison has been self-sustain- ing. The number of convicts in prison Sept. 30, 1872, was 589 ; received during the year, 287 ; discharged, died, &c., 221 ; remaining Sept. 30, 1873, 655. There is a library of about 2,000 volumes. The reform school for juvenile offenders was opened in 1856; it has a farm of 225 acres. The boys receive instruc-