610 MINNESOTA and 959 pupils. In 1874, 487 pupils were in- structed in academies, 582 in colleges, and 2,980 in private schools, making with those in the common and normal -schools a total of 133,854. Minnesota has three state normal schools : at Winona, opened in 1860 ; Mankato, 1868 ; and St. Cloud, 1869. The number of instructors and pupils in these during the year ending Nov. 30, 1874, together with the annual appropriation made by the legislature, was as follows : NORMAL SCHOOLS. Instruc- tor*. PUPILS. Appropria- tions. Model de- partment. Normal de- partment. Total. Winona Mankato St. Cloud.... Total 11 5 6 261 46 48 255 171 122 516 21T 170 $12,000 10,000 6,000 22 856 548 903 $28,000 For the further training of teachers, the super- intendent of public instruction is required to hold annually in the thinly settled counties as many state teachers' institutes as practicable, each to continue in session at least one week. In 1874 six training schools of four weeks each and five institutes of one week each were held in 11 counties, and were attended by 1,024 teachers. The expense, $2,710, was borne by the state. These institutes are regarded as an important feature of the public school system. Applicants for position as teachers, if not graduates of a normal school, are required to obtain a graded certificate, which is granted on examination by county superintendents. The state university is described in the article MINNESOTA, UNIVERSITY OF. Oarleton college (Congregational), at Northfield, was organized in 1866, and has an English preparatory and a collegiate course, which are open to students of both sexes. In 1873-'4 it had 10 instruc- tors and 171 pupils, of whom 7 were in the college and 165 in the preparatory department ; 64 were females. St. John's college is an im- portant Roman Catholic school at St. Joseph's, organized in 1856, and having in 1873-'4 22 instructors and 26 students in the ecclesias- tical and 97 in the classical and commercial course. Macalester college (Presbyterian) at Minneapolis was opened in 1874. Besides the theological department of St. John's college, instruction in theology is afforded by Augs- burg seminary (Evangelical Lutheran) at Min- neapolis, which was founded in 1869, and in 1873 had 5 instructors and 63 students. The only institution exclusively for the higher edu- cation of women which reported to the United States bureau of education in 1873 was St. Mary's Hall at Faribault (Protestant Episco- pal), which in 1873-'4 had 14 instructors and 114 pupils. There are, however, seminaries for the secondary instruction of girls at Has- tings, Minneapolis, and St. Paul. There are also several well conducted academies open to boys and girls in St. Paul, Red Wing, Caledo- nia, and other places. There are from 15 to 20 excellent high schools in the state, in which students may be prepared to enter the state university. Several private schools afford in- struction in the Norwegian and Swedish lan- guages. There are business colleges in St. Paul and Minneapolis. According to the cen- sus of 1870, there were in the state 26,763 libra- ries, with an aggregate of 2,174,744 volumes ; 23,761 with 1,596,113 volumes were private, and 3,002 with 578,631 volumes were other than private, including the state library of 10,000 volumes, and 23 circulating libraries containing 16,601 volumes. Besides the state library, the most important ones are that of the university of Minnesota, which contains about 10,000 volumes ; St. Paul library, 6,000 ; the Minneapolis Athenaeum, 4,000 ; and that of the state historical society at St. Paul, which has 5,643 bound and 8,730 unbound volumes. The whole number of newspapers and periodicals was 95, having an aggregate circulation of 110,778 copies, and issuing an- nually 9,543,656. There were 6 daily, with a circulation of 14,800; 5 tri-weekly, 4,200; 79 weekly, 79,978; and 5 monthly, 11,800. In 1874 the number reported was 128, inclu- ding 7 daily, 4 tri-weekly, 112 weekly, and 5 monthly. The total number of religious organizations in 1870 was 677, having 582 edifices, with 158,266 sittings and property valued at $2,401,750. The denominations were represented as follows : DENOMINATIONS. Organiza- tions. Edifices. Sittings. Properly. Baptist, regular " other 80 14 43 7 11,185 1 300 $140,400 19,100 Christian Congregational 6 57 6 89 1550 11,400 7,450 148,200 Episcopal, Protestant. Evangelical Associa'n. Lutheran 64 20 185 54 16 97 14.51)5 3,875 23.325 400,500 24,100 222,150 Methodist 225 106 26,890 837,550 Moravian 6 5 1,400 8,500 New Jerusalem Presbyterian, regular. " other... Reformed church (late German Reformed). Roman Catholic Second Advent United Brethren in Christ Universalist 1 75 1 2 154 7 5 18 1 59 1 2 185 1 2 6 200 16.756 200 400 42.370 150 600 1,720 2,200 273,000 2,000 45,000 755,000 2,100 1,000 55,000 Though of recent settlement, Minnesota has long been the seat of a considerable traffic with the Indians, and of missionary enterprise. As early as 1680 Hennepin and La Salle pene- trated these wilds, followed by La Hontan and Le Sueur, and in the last century by Carver ; and within the present century this region has been thoroughly explored by Pike, Long, Keat- ing, Nicollet, Schoolcraft, Owen, and others. But it was not until 1812 that the United States had any authority within the limits of Min- nesota. In 1816 a law was passed excluding foreigners from the Indian trade; and the military post at Fort Snelling was established
