486 NORTH NORTHAMPTON tingham in 1682, he was made lord keeper of the great seal. In September, 1683, he was created Baron Guilford, of Guilford, Surrey. Throughout his judicial career he favored the prerogatives of the crown in accordance with the strong tory leanings of his family. At the close of his life he suffered in political influ- ence from the ambition and insolence of Jef- freys, and died broken down in spirit. His character and professional attainments are highly extolled by his brother Roger North ; but according to Macaulay, this biographer, though under the influence of the strongest fraternal partiality, " was unable to portray the lord keeper otherwise than as the most ignoble of mankind." The same writer adds : " The intellect of Guilford was clear, his industry great, his proficiency in letters and science respectable, and his legal learning more than respectable. His faults were sel- fishness, cowardice, and meanness." Yet he had the courage shortly before his death to re- monstrate with the king upon the dangers in- separable from his violent and arbitrary mea- sures. He was the author of some scientific and miscellaneous papers, and of a few political essays. See "Lives of the Right Hon. Francis North, Baron of Guilford, Sir Dudley North, and the Hon. and Rev. Dr. John North," by Roger North (2 vols. 4to, 1742-'4 ; new ed., 3 vols. 8vo, 1826). II. Frederick, second earl of Guilford and eighth Baron North, generally known as Lord North, an English statesman, great-grandson of the preceding, born April 13, 1733, died Aug. 5, 1792. He was educated at Eton and at Trinity college, Cambridge, and made a lengthened tour on the continent. He entered parliament in 1754 from the family borough of Banbury, which he represented continuously for nearly 30 years, and in 1759 was appointed a commissioner of the trea- sury in the Pitt ministry. In 1763 he directed the proceedings which led to the expulsion of Wilkes, and in 1764-'5 supported the stamp act and the right of the mother country to tax the colonies. Upon the formation of Lord Chatham's second ministry in 1766 he was ap- pointed, jointly with Mr. George Cooke, pay- master of the forces, having refused to accept office under the preceding Rockingham ad- ministration. In 1767 he was appointed chan- cellor of the exchequer, succeeding Charles Townshend as leader in the house of com- mons, and continuing in that office in the duke of Grafton's ministry. On the resigna- tion of the latter in January, 1770, he became prime minister. His administration, extend- ing to March, 1782, in the language of an Eng- lish writer, "teemed with calamitous events beyond any of the same duration to be found in our annals;" the American war being its great feature, and the efforts of Lord North being directed principally to measures for the coercion of the revolted colonies. With the popular feeling against him, and a powerful opposition in the house of commons, Lord North nevertheless for upward of six years con- tended almost single-handed with his adver- saries. Although he never wavered in his opinion of the right of parliament to tax the colonies, it appears from the statement of his daughter, Lady Charlotte Lindsay (who died in 1849), that during the last three years of his administration he entertained serious doubts as to the expediency of continuing the war, and was induced to persevere by the wishes of George III. Defeated in the house of commons on the question of the continu- ance of the war, he resigned office, and after the short-lived Rockingham administration he joined his old antagonist Fox in breaking down the succeeding Shelburne cabinet. In April, 1783, he returned to office as a joint secretary of state with Fox in the " coalition ministry " formed by the duke of Portland, the unpopularity of which caused its dissolu- tion in the succeeding December. Soon after- ward he retired definitively from public life. During his last five years he was afflicted with total blindness, which he endured with unvary- ing cheerfulness. He succeeded to the title of earl of Guilford in 1790. NORTH ADAMS. See ADAMS, Mass. NORTH AMERICA. See AMEEICA. NORTHAMPTON. I. An E. county of Penn- sylvania, bounded E. by the Delaware river, which separates it from New Jersey, and in- tersected toward the south by the Lehigh river; area, 370 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 61,432. The Kittatinny or Blue mountains form the N. "W. boundary, and the South mountain is on the S. E. In the valley between them are beds of valuable limestone, quarries of slate, and sev- eral iron mines. Several railroads and three canals meet at Easton. The chief productions in 1870 were 473,295 bushels of wheat, 122,584 of rye, 707,494 of Indian corn, 539,067 of oats, 23,838 of buckwheat, 232,038 of potatoes, 36,240 tons of hay, 14,271 Ibs. of wool, 843,541 of butter, and 3,134 gallons of wine. There were 7,999 horses, 10,841 milch cows, 4,060 other cattle, 5,562 sheep, and 17,073 swine. The total number of manufacturing establishments was 655, with $7,099,285 capital; value of annual products, $12,530,834. The principal were 9 manufactories of agricultural imple- ments, 4 of boats, 17 of brick, 19 of carriages and wagons, 2 of railroad cars, 31 of men's clothing, 2 of cotton and 4 of woollen goods, 9 of furniture, 4 of pig iron, 3 of forged and rolled iron, 13 of castings, 16 of tanned and 9 of curried leather, 19 of lime, 8 of machinery, 4 of paints, 14 of roofing materials, 16 of sad- dlery and harness, 11 of school slates, 26 of tin, copper, and sheet-iron ware, 26 of cigars, 1 of wire, 2 of zinc, 7 breweries, 33 flour mills, and 20 saw mills. Capital, Easton. II. A S. E. county of Virginia, forming the S. extremity of the peninsula lying between Chesapeake bay and the Atlantic ocean ; area, 320 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 8,046, of whom 4,848 were colored. The coast line on the west is indented by nu-
