46 MUNSTEE and editor of the " New York State Mechanic" from 1841 to 1843. He has compiled "An- nals of Albany" (10 vols., Albany, 1850-'58); "The Typographical Miscellany" (1850); "Chronology of Paper and Paper Making" (1857) ; and " Every-Day Book of History and Chronology " (New York, 1858). He has also published "Historical Series" (10 vols.), in great part edited and annotated by himself; " Woodworth's Eeminiscences of the City of Troy" and "Collections on the History of Albany " (4 vols., 1865-71), and numerous other works. He has at various times been the publisher of papers and periodicals,. among which are the following dailies: the "Union- ist," "Albany Daily State Register," "Albany Morning Express," and " Statesman.]' He has made the art of printing, in its history and application, a special study, and his collection of works on the subject, the largest ever made in America, has been in part purchased by the state for the New York state library. In 1872 he published a catalogue with full titles of all the books and pamphlets he had printed down to that date, in 191 closely printed brevier pages, 8vo. MCNSTER (anc. Mumhari), the largest and southernmost of the four provinces of Ireland, bounded N. by Connaught, N. E. by Leinster, and on other sides by the Atlantic, and com- prised between lat. 51 26' and 53 12' N., and Ion. 6 56' and 10 26' W. ; area, 9,272 sq. m. ; pop. in 1871, 1,390,402. In the west are the highest mountains in Ireland, and the south is crossed by long chains of hills. Three fourths of the surface is arable, and one fourth under tillage. The principal rivers are the Suir, Blackwater, Lee, Bandon, Cashen, Maigue, and Fergus, with the estuary of the Shannon, all of which are navigable. The principal lakes are those of Killarney. Except in the rugged uplands of Kerry, Clare, and western Cork, the limestone soil of Munster is excellent. The climate is the most genial in Ireland. Geo- logically, the province is peculiar in Ireland for the rare appearance of igneous protrusions and the absence of bituminous coal, though possessing perhaps the most extensive anthra- cite deposit in the British isles. Clay slate is found, and copper abounds all along the S. coast. Lead, silver, iron, alum, black and mot- tled marbles, plastic clays, and fine ochres are found. The province comprises the counties of Clare, Cork, Kerry, Limerick, Tipperary, and Waterford. As a kingdom of the Irish pentarchy, Mumhan was perhaps the most for- midable of the five states ; it early subjected Leinster to the payment of an annual tribute; its princes successfully opposed and ultimately expelled the Danes, and more than once usurp- ed the ^ sceptre of Tara as sovereigns of the entire island. It was then divided into three principalities, Thomond, Desmond, and Ormond (i. e., North, South, and East Munster), and Cashel was the civil, as it is still the ecclesias- tical, metropolis. During the rebellions in the MUNTEE time of Queen Elizabeth Munster was governed through a local president and council. MUNSTER, a city of Germany, capital of the Prussian province of Westphalia and of a dis- trict of its own name, on the small river Aa, connected by railway with Dtisseldorf , and with the river Ems by a canal, 76 m. N. N. E. of Cologne; pop. in 1871, 24,815. It has fine Gothic buildings, the ground floor of the houses of the main street being provided with arcades to support the upper stories. Among the re- markable public buildings are the cathedral, of the 13th century, and St. Lambert's church. The house of John of Leyden, a fine specimen of the Gothic, still exists in the market place. The treaty of Westphalia, which ended the thirty years' war, was signed here in 1648. The town house was renovated in 1860, and a grand Gothic hall was added. The churches of St. Maurice and St. Leger have also recent- ly been renovated. The Catholic university, which was supplanted in 1818 by the state university of Bonn, has been since reduced to an academy consisting of a theological and a philosophical faculty, which in 1873 had 28 professors and 387 students. There are also a gymnasium, a library of 50,000 volumes, a number of minor Eoman Catholic churches and convents, a Protestant church, and a syna- gogue. The city is the seat of a bishop, and con- tains several learned societies. The manufac- tures consist of leather, woollen goods, cloth, linen, sugar, &c. Munster was known in the time of Charlemagne under the name of Mimi- gardevord. In the 13th century it joined the league of the Hanse towns. The reformation was introduced in 1532, and in 1533-'5 it wit- nessed the agitations of the Anabaptists. (See ANABAPTISTS.) The former bishopric of Mun- ster was raised in the 12th century to the rank of an imperial principality. Among the prince- bishops was the warlike Galen. (See GALEN.) In 1719 the archbishop of Cologne was invest- ed with the see of Munster. After the peace of Luneville (1801) the bishopric was secular- ized, and a part of it ceded to Prussia, which constituted it a principality. This was ceded to France by the treaty of Tilsit in 1807, but restored to Prussia in 1815, with the exception of a^small district allotted to Oldenburg. MUNTER. I. Balthasar, a German clergyman, born in Liibeck, March 24, 1735, died in Co- penhagen, Oct. 5, 1793. He studied theology at Jena, was for a time a preacher at Gotha, and became celebrated as a pulpit orator in the German church of Copenhagen, and as the author of the BelcelirungsgescJiichte des Grafen von Struensee (Copenhagen, 1772 ; English translation, " A Faithful Narrative of the Con- version and Death of Count Struensee," &c., by the Eev. Mr. Wendeborn, 2d ed., London, 1774). He wrote a series of hymns (1773 and 1774). He was the father of Friederike Brun. II. Friedrich, a German-Danish theologian and archaeologist, son of the preceding, born in Gotha, Oct. 14, 1761, died in Copenhagen,
