172 PAUL abused their power, he banished them from Rome in 1559. He was hated by his sub- jects, who rose in tumult on the news of his death, and threw down his statue, crying: " Death to the Oaraffas." III. Paul V. (CA- MILLO BOEGHESE), born in Rome, Sept. 17, 1552, died there, Jan. 28, 1621. He succeeded Leo XI. in 1605, and soon after his accession was involved in a dispute with the republic of Venice respecting the foundation of religious houses, the alienation of charitable bequests, and the trial of ecclesiastics by lay tribunals. He excommunicated the doge and the senate, and laid the republic under an interdict, which the senate forbade to be published, and which only the Jesuits, Theatines, and Capuchins ob- served. These three orders were consequently banished. The dispute was settled through the mediation of Henry IV. in 1607. Paul devoted himself with great zeal to reforming the ad- ministration of his temporal government, em- bellishing Rome, and restoring ancient monu- ments. He sent missionaries to the East, and received embassies from Japan, from several princes of India, and from Congo. PAUL, Father. See SABPI, PAOLO. PAUL L, Petroviteh, emperor of Russia, born Oct. 12, 1754, assassinated Marclj 23, 1801 . He was the son of Peter III. and Catharine II. , and when, after the assassination of Peter, Catha- rine assumed the reins of government (1762), she furnished Paul with good instructors, but kept him in ignorance of public affairs. As he grew up, her personal dislike of him became so great that she compelled him to live at a dis- tance from the capital, surrounded him with spies, and would have disinherited him if she could. Such treatment made him morose, re- vengeful, craven toward his mother, yet wilful and tyrannical toward inferiors. At the age of 19 he was married by order of his mother to a princess of Hesse-Darmstadt, and after her death in 1776 to a princess of Wurtemberg. His second wife bore him four sons (Alexan- der, Constantino, Nicholas, and Michael) and five daughters. In 1780 Paul travelled through Poland, Germany, Italy, France, and Holland. On his return he continued to live in retire- ment, 30 m. from St. Petersburg, while his chil- dren were brought up at court under the direc- tion of Catharine. Afterward he took part in the war against Sweden, but his mother de- S rived him of every opportunity of becoming imiliar with the duties of his position. Cath- arine died Nov. 17, 1796, and Paul ascended the throne. One of his first acts was to cause fu- neral honors to be paid to his murdered father, and he ordered the remains of his mother's former favorite, Prince Potemkin, to be disin- terred and thrown into a ditch. To undo what- ever Catharine had done seemed to be his gui- ding principle. He disbanded her armies, de- clared peace with Persia, disapproved of her policy toward Poland, liberated Kosciuszko and the other Polish prisoners, decreed that the female line should henceforth be excluded from PAUL (SAINT) succession, and invited his eldest son to assist in the administration. But his defective edu- cation, egotism, and nervous and fitful temper made him an execrable tyrant. His most pue- rile whims and caprices were raised to the dig- nity of laws, and a well organized secret police was constantly active in discovering victims for his wrath. His numerous petty oppressions exasperated the people even more than his ha- tred of liberal ideas, his decrees forbidding the importation of all books or newspapers printed in French, and similar measures. At first he became a party to the coalition against revolu- tionary France, and his armies obtained some successes in Italy, Switzerland, and Holland; but having afterward suffered severe reverses, Paul became disgusted with his allies, expelled the French refugees from Russia, and endeav- ored to get up a coalition against Great Brit- ain, In this he succeeded so far that Denmark, Sweden, and Prussia joined him in a treaty of armed neutrality. But his hatred of Great Britain had become so violent that he was far from being satisfied with this success. Through the "St. Petersburg Journal" he challenged to personal combat all those kings who were un- willing to take sides with him against England. At last his capriciousness and despotism seemed to border on insanity. A conspiracy was form- ed by a number of noblemen, among whom Counts Pahlen and Zuboff, Generals JBenning- sen and Uvaroff, and Lieut. Col. Tatisheff were the most conspicuous. To his son Alexander they represented that they had no other object than to compel the emperor, on the ground of mental incapacity, to abdicate the throne. They forced their way into Paul's chamber late at night, and presented for his signature a letter of abdication. He refused to sign, whereupon Zuboff knocked him down and kneeled upon him, and, the other conspirators assisting, the emperor was murdered within hearing of his eldest son and successor. All classes in St. Pe- tersburg received the news of his death with great rejoicing. PAUL, Regular Clerks of St. See BARNABITES. PAUL, Saint, the first Christian missionary who extended his labors beyond the limits of the Jewish people, and the first Christian teach- er who maintained the equality of Jews and gentiles under the new dispensation, and ad- mitted the latter to the full participation of Christian privileges without the exaction of the ceremonial law. Paul is ranked by the Christian church with the twelve apostles, and claims that rank for himself in his epistles. Our knowledge of his history is derived from the Acts of the Apostles and incidental notices in his letters to the churches. Many attempts have been made to arrange these materials in a systematic biography, of which the most comprehensive is the " Life and Epistles of St. Paul," by Conybeare and Howson (Lon- don, 1850-'52). For the critical student the works of Wieseler and Baur are the most im- portant. Paul was a Grecian or Hellenistic
