10 PlLFFY be obeyed ; but if a legitimate government is injurious to the public welfare, it should be overthrown. He affirms that the " divine right of kings is on the same footing with the divine right of constables," namely, the law of the land. " The final view," he says, " of all natu- ral politics is to produce the greatest amount of happiness." Expediency prevails even in his view of religious establishments, no one form of which, he contends, is a part of Chris- tianity. The authority of the church is found- ed on its utility. His greatest work is his "Natural Theology," designed to demonstrate the existence and perfections of God from the evidences of design in the adaptations of nature. The proof is entirely a posteriori, no appeal being made to man's moral instincts or a priori ideas. An annotated edition by Lord Brougham and Sir Charles Bell was published in 1836 (2 vols. 8vo), to which were added by the former in 1839 " Dissertations on Subjects connected with Natural Theology" (2 vols.), and a "Discourse of Natural Theology." A complete edition of his works was edited by his son, the Rev. Edmund Paley (4 vols., Lon- don, 1838). The best biography is that by Meadley (1839). II. Frederick Apthorp, an Eng- lish author, grandson of the preceding, born at Easingwold, near York, in 1816. He grad- uated at St. John's college, Cambridge, in 1838, continuing his residence till.1846, when he became a Roman Catholic. 'lie is now (1875) classical examiner in the university of London. He has published several architec- tural and ecclesiological works, the most im- portant of which are a "Manual of Gothic Mouldings" (8vo, London, 1845), and "A Manual of Gothic Architecture" (1846). He has edited with notes JEschylus, Euripides, Hesiod, Ovid's Fasti, Propertius, Theocritus, Homer's Iliad, and other works, and has trans- lated into English the plays of ^Eschylus (1864) andjihe odes of Pindar (1869). PALFFY, a Hungarian family founded by Count Conrad of Altenburg, ambassador of the em- peror Conrad II. in Hungary, in the llth cen- tury, whose descendants formed in the fol- lowing century the houses of Konth and Hedervar. Paul II. of the former branch as- sumed the name Palffy (son of Paul), to which his descendant Paul III. added that of Erdod, the family name of his wife. Nicholas II., grandson of the latter (1550-1600), gave celeb- rity to the family by his prowess against the Turks; and his son Stephen II. was made a count in 1634. Subsequently there were other branches of the house, and the representative of the elder branch, Joseph Francis (1764- 1827), a descendant of Nicholas II., was made a prince in 1807. The most distinguished sol- dier among the younger branch was Count John IV. (1659-1751), who restored peace in Hungary in 1711 by the treaty of Szatmar, and was appointed governor general there by Maria Theresa in 1741. The family is still prominent in Hungary. PALGEAVE PiLFFY, Albert, a Hungarian author, born in Grosswardein in 1813. He studied law, but devoted himself to literature at Pesth, and after the revolution of March, 1848, founded the ultra-radical journal Marczius tizenotodilce ("The 15th of March"), which promoted the patriotic excitement. He received an office from the revolutionary authorities, but de- nounced them as too conservative, and was imprisoned for a time in 1849. He afterward lived abroad till 1861, when he returned to Pesth. He has published several novels. PALFREY, John Gorham, an American author, born in Boston, May 2, 1796. He graduated at Harvard college in 1815, studied theology, and in June, 1818, was ordained minister of the Congregational church in Brattle square, Bos- ton. From 1831 to 1839 he was professor of sacred literature in Harvard university, and from 1835 to 1842 was editor of the " North American Review." In 1842 he delivered be- fore the Lowell institute in Boston a course of lectures on the "Evidences of Christianity," which were afterward published (2 vols., 1843). This was followed by " Lectures on the Jewish Scriptures and Antiquities" (4 vols., 1838-'52). He had previously published " Harmony of the Gospels " (1831), " Sermons " (1834), and "Aca- demical Lectures" (1838), besides occasional sermons, &c. In 1842-' 3 he was a member of the Massachusetts legislature, and from 1844 for several years secretary of state of Massa- chusetts. In 1846 he wrote a series of news- paper articles on " The Progress of the Slave Power," which were collected into a volume. He was elected to congress as a whig in 1846 ; but having in December, 1847, refused on anti- slavery grounds to vote for Robert C. Win- throp as speaker, he was defeated at the next election (1848), after an animated contest in which there were 17 ballotings. Meanwhile he had become a leader of the freesoilers, and in 1851 was one of the editors of the " Com- monwealth," the chief organ of that party in New England. He was also the unsuccessful candidate of the party for governor of the state. He afterward devoted himself to literature, but from 1861 to 1866 was postmaster at Boston. In 1852 he published a review of Lord Mahon's " History of England," and in 1854 " Remarks on the proposed Constitutional Amendments," and " The Relation between Judaism and Chris- tianity." The first volume of his "History of New England" was published in 1858, the second in 1860, and the third in 1865, bring- ing it down to 1688. His daughter, SAEAH HAMMOND, under the nom de plume of E. Fox- ton, has published " Premices," a volume of poems (1855), "Herman" (1866), and "Agnes Wentworth" (1869). PALGRAVE. I. Sir Francis, an English author, born in London in July, 1788, died at Hamp- stead, July 6, 1861. He belonged to a Jewish family named Cohen, which name he exchanged for that of Palgrave, the maiden name of his wife's mother. He studied law, and was man-
