PAUW PAVEMENT 191 Bible (2 vols. 8vo, 1858) ; IS Inscription syro- chinoise de Si-ngan-fou (8vo, 1858), the Chi- nese text with figured pronunciation, a Latin literal version, and a French translation of the inscription and the Chinese commentaries ; an edition of Marco Polo's travels as dictated by himself in French, from three inedited manu- scripts in the national library, with notes and a commentary from Chinese sources (2 vols. large 8vo, 1865) ; and Dictionnaire etymolo- gique cMnois-annamite-latin-fran$ais (in 12 numbers, of which the first appeared in 1867). He has translated Byron's "Childe Harold," and published several volumes of poetry, and in 1863 a work on the Ionian islands during the French occupation and the English protec- torate. Pauthier's works are much esteemed, and some have had several editions. PAUW, Cornells de, a Dutch historian, born in Amsterdam in 1739, died at Xanten, near Cleves, July 7, 1799. He was educated at Gottingen, and became canon of Xanten and afterward reader to Frederick II. of Prussia. He wrote in French Recherches sur les Ameri- cains (8vo, Berlin, 1769), designed to prove "the native inferiority of the, savage Ameri- cans;" Eecherches sur les Egyptiens et les CJiinois (2 vols. 8vo, 1774; translated into English by Capt. J. Thomson, London, 1795), designed to prove "that no two nations ever resembled each other less than the Egyptians and the Chinese ;" and RecJiercJies sur les Grecs (2 vols. 8vo, 1788; translated into English, London, 1793). In consequence of the inva- sion of the duchy of Cleves by the French rev- olutionary army, Pauw became melancholy, and burned his Recherches sur les Germain*. PAUWELS, Ferdinand, a Belgian painter, born at Eckeren, near Antwerp, April 13, 1830. He studied at Antwerp and under Wappers, and exhibited in 1851 his "Meeting of Baldwin I. with his daughter Joan at Constantinople in 1206." His picture of Coriolanus, partly completed in 1852, obtained for him a sti- pend which enabled him to reside in Rome till 1857. While there he painted Old Testa- ment subjects and legends of the saints. In 1860 appeared his " Widow of Jacob van Ar- tevelde." His "Banished by Alva" (1861) obtained for him in 1862 a professorship at Weimar, which he filled till April, 1872, when he returned to Antwerp. His works produced subsequent to 1862 include "The Return to Antwerp of the Parties who had been banish- ed by Alva," and " The Reception by Louis XIV. of a Deputation from the Doge of Genoa " (1864); "Negotiations of Citizens of Ghent with Philip the Bold in 1388 for the surrender of that city " (1865) ; " Queen Philippa of Eng- land relieving the Poor of Ghent" (1866); and " Hans Pleinhorn, a Merchant of Nuremberg, surprised with his Family while engaged in Protestant Worship, by Spanish-Roman Cath- olic Detectives" (1868). He has been lately employed in painting "The Youth of Luther" as one of the frescoes for the Wartburg. 643 VOL. xiii. 13 PAVEMENT (Lat. pavimentum, from pamre, to beat or ram down), a covering of stone or other hard material for roads, walks, and floors of houses. The earliest mention of paved highways is of those prepared by Se- miramis, according to the inscription which she set up, recorded by Valerius Maximus. Isido- rus says the Carthaginians had the first paved roads. The streets of Rome were not paved in the time of its kings, but the Appian way was constructed by Appius Claudius 200 years after their expulsion, and many of the streets are known to have been paved with stone in the 4th and 5th centuries after the building of the city. Pavements of blocks of lava worn into ruts by the wheels of carriages are met with in Herculaneum and Pompeii. From the descriptions of pavements given by Vitruvius, together with the poem of Statius on the Via Domitiana and the fragments of ancient paving still remaining, a very clear idea may be formed of the care given by the Romans to the construction of their famous roads. These were laid out with a width of from 8 to 15 ft. by excavating a shallow trench along each side. The space between these was then dug down to a solid bed, or if this could not be reached piles were driven to support the materials of the road. The lowest course was of broken stones, none smaller than the fist; over these was a course 9 in. thick of rubble work, or broken stones cemented with lime, well rammed ; over this was a course 6 in. thick of finer materials, chiefly broken bricks and pieces of pottery, also cemented with lime ; and upon this was laid the pammentvm, which consisted of large polygonal blocks of the hard- est silicious stones, sometimes of basaltic lava, of irregular form and nicely fitted together in a sort of mosaic. In the cities the slabs of stone were sometimes rectangular and of softer material, as in the forum of Trajan, which was paved with travertine. In every instance great care was taken to fit the stones to each oth- er so as to produce a perfectly even surface. The floors of Roman houses were paved with pieces of bricks, tiles, stones, &c. ; sometimes with tiles ground to powder and mixed in with mortar ; and again with pieces of marble im- bedded in a cement ground, and well beaten or rammed down, whence the name pavimentvm. Mosaic pavements were first made in the time of Sulla, by whom, according to Pliny, one was constructed in the temple of Fortune at Pra3- neste. They became very common in the houses of Pompeii, and were there produced with great taste in a variety of beautiful patterns, in mar- ble of different colors, in tiles, and even glass, set in a fine cement and laid upon a deep bed of mortar. Some of the designs were of figures and scenes in actual life, being really pictures in mosaic. An account was presented to the British association in 1850, by Prof. Buckman, of an ancient Roman pavement discovered at Cirencester, in which appeared a medallion of Flora with a head dress and flowers of verdi-
