1,408,166 marks. The Austro-Hungarian monarchy paid in 1874 pensions amounting to 12,283,000 florins for the states represented in the Reichsrath, and 2,652,958 florins for those under the crown of Hungary. The pension list of Italy for 1873 amounted to 62,352,215 lire; of Sweden for 1875, 1,539,135 crowns; and of Denmark for 1874-'5, 1,703,966 rigsdalers, of which 1,405,715 were for civil and 298,251 for military pensions. In 1874 Switzerland paid 25,000 francs in military pensions. The budget of Turkey for 1874-'5 appropriated for pensions 64,000,000 piasters, and that of Egypt for 1873-'4, 2,000,000 piasters.
PENSIONARY, Grand, an officer of the Dutch republic, who bore the title also of advocate general, and was prime minister of the states or legislative body of the province of Holland. He was called grand pensionary in distinction from the first minister of the regency of each important town, who bore the title pensionary from the pension or salary attached to his office. In the assembly of the states he initiated bills, drew up reports, and collected the votes. He also conducted the diplomatic correspondence of the province, received ambassadors, superintended the finances, and permanently represented the province, the leading member of the Dutch confederation, in the states general. His term of office was five years, with privilege of rëelection. The most distinguished of the grand pensionaries were Barneveldt, Jan De Witt, and Heinsius, and the last was Schimmelpenninck, who held the office from March, 1805, to June, 1806, when the republic was succeeded by the kingdom under Louis Bonaparte.
PENTATEUCH (Gr. Πεντάτευχος, from πέντε, five, and τεῦχος, book), the collective name of the first five books of the Old Testament, which seems to have been first used by Origen. The Jews called it Torah (the Law) or Torath Mosheh (the Law of Moses). For centuries the Pentateuch was generally received in the church as written by Moses. Differences of style and apparent repetitions to be found in different parts of Genesis led eminent critics, like the Protestants Vitringa and Le Clerc, and the Oratorian Richard Simon, in the 17th century, to suppose that in the compilation of the book written documents of an earlier date had been made use of. In 1753 a work was published in Brussels by Astruc, professor of medicine at Paris, which maintained that throughout Genesis and in the first chapters of Exodus there are traces of two original documents, characterized by different names of God, the one by the name Elohim, the other by the name Jehovah. Besides these two principal documents, Astruc believed that Moses, whom he regarded as the author of the entire Pentateuch, made use of ten other sources of information. This view, which in the history of exegetical literature is known as the “documentary hypothesis,” was adopted in part by Eichhorn, who extended it to the entire Pentateuch. It has been further developed by several German theologians, the most important of whom is Hupfeld, who besides the Elohim and the Jehovah documents assumed a third work by another and younger “Elohist,” which three works in his opinion were combined by a fourth writer, called by him the “redactor,” into the present Genesis. Some of the German theologians abandoned this theory in favor of another called the “supplementary hypothesis,” which assumed the narrative of the Elohist to have been the foundation of the work, and to have been supplemented by the Jehovist or younger writer. More recently it has become a favorite practice of German critics to combine both theories and to find traces of more authors and of more than one general revision. The chief representatives of this latter view are Ewald, Knobel, Nöldeke, and Schrader, all of whom, though disagreeing in many particulars, assume at least three different writers in the first four books of the Pentateuch, as the oldest of whom they regard the Elohist, while Deuteronomy appears to them to be the work of a later writer, who once more revised and enlarged the first four books, and also edited the book of Joshua, and, according to Schrader, the books of Judges and Kings. This last revision they believe did not take place before the Babylonish captivity. Nearly all the theologians who suppose that the Pentateuch received its present form at a comparatively late period admit that some portions of the book, as the commandments, are undoubtedly of Mosaic origin.—The Mosaic authorship of the entire Pentateuch is still defended by many theologians, who hold that any other supposition is inconsistent with the plenary inspiration of the Bible; among these are Hengstenberg, Hävernick, Drechsler, Ranke, Welte, Keil, Douglas, and Bartlett. But some of these writers admit that, besides the account of the death and burial of Moses, a few words and sentences in other parts of the Pentateuch may have been interpolated at some later period. Many theologians hold that the documentary theory is consistent with the divine authority and inspiration of the writings attributed to Moses.—The entire question is reviewed by Schrader, in the 8th edition of De Wette's “Introduction to the Old Testament” (Berlin, 1869); by Vaipinger in Herzog's Real-Encylclopädie, articles Pentateuch, Moses, and Mosaisches Gesetz; and in Schenkel's Bibel-Lexicon (Leipsic, 1868-'74). (See Colenso, John William.)
PENTECOST (Gr. πεντεκοστή, fiftieth), one of the three principal festivals of the Jews, so called in Greek and modern languages because it was celebrated on the 50th day after the feast of the passover, but originally called the “feast of weeks” (in the book of Tobit, ἅγια ἑπτά ἑβδομάδων, the feast of seven weeks), because it was celebrated seven weeks after the 16th day of the first month of the Mosaic calendar (Nisan). It was the feast of the first
