298 PERIODICAL LITERATURE in criticism was introduced in 1761 by the Va- derlandsche Letteroefeningen, which still con- tinues. The Allgemeene Kunst- en Letterbode (1788) maintained for many years a high rank, but now exerts little influence. The Recensent (1803), superseded within the past 20 years by the Nieuwe Recensent, has proved a powerful rival to the Letteroefeningen. Other existing periodicals are the Nederlandsche Museum (1835), the Tijdstrom(l859), and the Navorscher on the plan of the London "Notes and Que- ries." The Esprit des Journaux (1772-1818) was a Belgian literary miscellany of considera- ble value ; but it was not until the separation from Holland that the periodicals of Belgium began to be of much interest. The Messager des Sciences, edited for many years by St. Ge- nois, is frequently quoted, while the chief issues in the Flemish tongue have been the Neder- deutsche Letteroefeningen (1834), by Blom- maert ; the Belgisch Museum (1836-'46), by the well known scholar Willems ; the Kunst- en Let- terUad (1840-'43) ; the Vlaemsche Rederyker (1844), and one or two more popular miscel- lanies. In Switzerland the BibliotJieque firi- tannique (1796-1815), and its more original successor the Bibliotheque universelle (1816), which is published in two parallel series, one scientific and the other literary ^ are widely circulated both at home and abroad. The Re- vue suisse has been conducted with much suc- cess at Neufchatel since 1837. The earliest noteworthy literary journal of Denmark was the Lcerde Tidende (1749-'66). Then came the Minerva (1785) of Rahbek, continued with a slight change of title till 1819; the Danske Tilskuer (1791-1808) ; the Skandinavisk Mu- seum (1798-1803), revived as the Litteratur- Selskdbs Skrifter (1805-'32) ; and the Larde Efterretninger (1799-1810), by Muller, ably continued by the same editor under the name of Litteratur- Tidende (1811-'36). Molbech published the Athene (1813-'17) and other periodicals, one of which, the Historisk Tid- skrift (1840), survived him, and was afterward edited by Westergaard. The more modern journals are the Tidskrift for Litteratur og Kritik (1839-'42), now transformed into the quarterly For Litteratur og Kritik (1843) ; Maanedskrift for Litteratur (1829-'38) ; the Nor disk Litteratur- Tidende (1846); Nord og Syd (1848-' 9), by Goldschmidt, revived in 1856, and afterward changed to the Hjemme og Ude ; and the Dansk Maanedskrift, by Steenstrup, commenced in 1858. In 1854 the Nordisk Universitets Tidskrift, a well managed quar- terly review, of which the numbers are alter- nately published in Swedish and Danish by the four Scandinavian universities of Copenhagen, Christiania, Upsal, and Lund, originated in the Danish capital. The Svenska Argus (1732-'4), written by Dalin, a warm admirer of Addison, was the earliest notable addition made by Swe- den to learned periodical literature. In 1742 Celsius founded the Tidningar om den Idrdas Arbeten, which was afterward edited by Salvius and Gjorwell as the Ldrda Tidningar ; but the first comprehensive critical journal was the Svenska Mercurius (1755-'65) by Gjorwell. The Phosphoros (1810-'13), by Atterbom and Palm- blad, carried on by the latter as the Svensk Liter atur-Tidning (1814-'24), and its adver- sary the Iduna (1811-'24), edited by a society styled Gothiska Forbundet, both wielded a powerful influence in the literary circles of Sweden, and originated two different schools of poetry and criticism. Among other peri- odicals may be mentioned Polyfem (1810-'12) ; Svea (181 8-' 32), noticeable for its elevated tone and clever reviews of foreign books; Jour- nal for Literaturen (1809-'13), subsequently known as the Allmdnna Journalen (1813- '23); Skandia (1833-'7); Literatur-Forenin- gens Tidning (1833-'6) ; and the Literaturblad (1838-'40). The best of a later date are the Tidskrift for Literatur by Malmstrbm (1850), the Nordisk Tidskrift, by Solman (1852), and Forr och Nu, published at Stockholm, and now the leading monthly. A Swedish month- ly, the Augustana, is published at Chicago, TJ. S. Nor (1840-'46), conducted by members of the Christiania university, and the Norsk Tidskrift for Videnskdb og Litteratur, estab- lished in 1847, and since edited by Lange, are the only especially prominent literary or- gans which have yet arisen in Norway. The periodicals published in the Icelandic language are not numerous. They comprise the Sagna- Udd (18l7-'26), edited by Finn Magnusson, and now issued under the name of Skirnir (1827) ; Fjolnir (1835-'45) ; Ny Fjelagsrit (1841), a review edited chiefly by Jon Sigurdsson ; and Nordurfari (1848-'9), by Gisli Brynjulfsson. In Finland the sole literary journal deserving of notice is the Suomi, which has been issued in the Swedish language since 1840. The ex- isting periodicals of Russia are more noted for their size than their number, a single issue sometimes containing 300 pages. Periodical literature in that country began with the Ye- zhemiesiatchniya sotchineniya (" Monthly Es- says"), edited by Muller from 1755 to 1764. Soon afterward commenced Sumarakoff 's "In- dustrious Bee" (1759), and Kheraskoff 's "Lei- sure Hours" (1762). The Viestnik Evropi (" European Intelligencer "), founded in 1802 by the historian Karamsin, and subsequently (1808) edited by Zhukovsky, was superior to these. To this succeeded the Ruskoi Viestnik, conducted from 1808 to 1820 by S. K Glinka, then by Gretch and Polevoi, which, after being suspended for some years, was revived at Mos- cow in 1856 by Katkoff. One of the ablest j publications was the Sin Otetchestva (" Son of the Fatherland "), founded in 1812, with which was united in 1825 the Severnoi ArkJiw (1822), or " Northern Archives," at which time Bulga- rin and Gretch became joint editors ; the latter resigned it in 1839 into the hands of Massal- sky, and a few years afterward it ceased to appear. The " telegraph " of Moscow (1825- '35), by Polevoi, began a new era in Russian
