348 PESTH friends of education, but deputations from sev- eral of the European governments, to visit the institution at Burgdorf. In 1804 another rev- olution occurred in the government, and the castle at Burgdorf which Pestalozzi had hith- erto occupied being wanted by the Bernese government, he removed his school to Buchsee, where the government assigned him a monas- tery, close by Hof wyl, the estate of Fellenberg, who soon came to have a controlling interest in the management of the school. Pestalozzi found the methods of management introduced by Fellenberg so different from his own, that in 1805 he removed his institution to Yverdun in the canton of Vaud. Teachers were sent to him for instruction, and the Pestalozzian sys- tem was formally adopted by the Prussian and other German governments. But dissensions soon sprang up among his teachers. Schmid, indispensable to Pestalozzi for his financial skill and executive ability, was haughty, stern, and overbearing ; and in 1810 a disturbance oc- curred, which was only quieted by his leaving the institution. There was no one left who could fill his place ; Pestalozzi himself had no skill in financial management or discipline, and in 1814 the downward tendency of the institu- tion necessitated Schmid's return. In 1816 12 of the teachers, unable to remain with Schmid, resigned at once ; among them were Krilsi and Buss. This was followed by a seven years' lawsuit, arising out of the pecuniary affairs of the institution, which was finally settled by arbitration. Meantime the school was losing ground; a poor school at Olindy, intended as a sort of appendage to the institution at Yver- dun, was maintained for five years, but in 1825 was broken up, and Pestalozzi retired to the home of his grandson at Neuhof, where he wrote his Schwanengesang (" Song of the Dying Swan") and Meine LebenswMcksale als Vor- steher meiner ErzieJiungsanstalten in Burg- dorf und Iferten ("Fortunes of my 'Life, as Principal of my Educational Institutions at Burgdorf and Yverdun "). A complete edition of his works, some of wh4ch are philosophical or political, was published simultaneously at Stuttgart and Tubingen (15 vols., 1819-'26), the profits of which he devoted to the school founded in 1818. L. W. Seyffarth has edited a new edition (16 vols., Brandenburg, 1871 -'2.) For an outline of his principles, see EDUCA- TION-, vol. vi., p. 414. See Pestalozzi's Selbst- Hographie (1826); Biber, Beitrag zur Bio- grapUe Heinrich Pestalozzi 's (1827; English translation, " Life and Trials of Henry Pesta- lozzi," Philadelphia, 1833); "Pestalozzi and Pestalozzianism," edited by H. Barnard, LL.D. (New York, 1859); and Morf's Zur Biogra- phie Pestalozzi's (1864-'6). PESTH (Hung. Pest}. I. A central county of Hungary, bounded W. in part by the Dan- ube, and E. in part by the Theiss; area, 4,196 gq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 775,030, chiefly Magyars, Germans, Slovaks, and Jews. It is the most populous county of Hungary, and the largest after Bihar. The surface is mostly level ; only the district W. of the Danube is mountainous. The soil is generally sandy. The Danube forms several islands, the largest of which is Csepel, S. of the capital. Cattle and swine are reared in large numbers. The vine culture is especial- ly carried on in the Buda mountains. The principal towns, besides the capital, are Buda, Kecskemet, Kdros, and Waitzen. II. A city, capital of the county, and in conjunction with Buda of Hungary, on the left bank of the Danube, opposite Buda, 135 m. E. S. E. of Vi- enna; pop. in 1870, 200,476 (against 132,651 in 1857), including 136,890 Catholics, 22,344 Protestants, 39,386 Jews, and other sects. The approach to the city by the Danube presents a magnificent appearance, though it is built on a sandy plain. It has lately surpassed most other cities of Europe in the ratio of increase. The banks of the river are now provided with a good embankment, and there are several new bridges in addition to the grand Buda-Pesth suspension bridge described under BUDA. The inner town is the oldest of the five principal divisions of the city, and contains together with the Leopold town the finest residences and extensive quays, partly lined with magnifi- cent structures. New boulevards and streets with tramways are now rising on the site of squalid dwellings, and a new quarter with palatial mansions has sprung up in the fash- ionable region round the museum and the diet building; and 24,000,000 florins have lately been appropriated for improvements. The New square is one of the largest in Europe, and there are several other squares and many capacious thoroughfares, to which the cos- tumes of various nationalities and the general animation impart a picturesque appearance. There are many fine gardens and promenades ; the principal of the latter is the " city grove." The largest church is the Koman Catholic in the Leopold town. Altogether there are about 30 places of worship, including several for Protestants, Greeks, and Jews ; the new synagogue is one of the finest edifices in the city. The diet occupies an elegant building. Among other noticeable public buildings are excellent theatres, the casino (a brilliant re- sort), the new city hall, and new post and telegraph offices. An additional reservoir has been lately constructed, and there are also new docks. In 1871, 700,000 florins were appro- priated for education, and the city abounds in schools, religious and secular, and for different- nationalities, aad has a commercial academy, a good military academy (called Ludovica and reopened in 1872), and several gymnasiums, of which the Piarist is the most celebrated. A new academy of music was established in 187? under the direction of Liszt. The universi' ty of Pesth ranks in the Austro-Hungarian monarchy next to that of Vienna. The stu- dents increased from 1,312 in 1861 to 2,296 in 1873, more than half devoted to law and political science, and it has about 140 profes-
