PHILIP THE BOLD immediately after he had been proclaimed sa- chem, he promised at Plymouth to continue the friendship heretofore existing with the Eng- lish, to remain faithful to the king and colony, and not to dispose of any of his territory with- out giving them notice. In 1670-'71 rumors began to prevail that he was inclined to break the treaty. The tribe was frequently assembled, war preparations were constantly going on, and wanton murders were sometimes committed. In the spring and summer of 1671 a general attempt was made to disarm the Indians, and caused great dissatisfaction. For three years after this there was no open disturbance, and it has been a doubtful point whether the storm which broke out so suddenly in 16T5 was sim- ply accidental, or the result of a real and de- liberate plot. Sassamon, a converted Indian who had informed the colony of the prepara- tions going on, was killed. His murderers were tried, convicted, and executed, and in revenge the Indians murdered eight or nine white men. The war that ensued was of the most desolating character, the Indians never meeting the enemy in the open field, but rap- idly passing from one exposed point to another, burning villages, cutting off by ambuscades de- tached parties of troops, and shooting down every one who ventured to stray outside of the places of protection. Philip also formed an alliance with the powerful tribe of Narragan- setts, and in December, 1675, 1,000 men under the command of Josiah Winslow invaded their territory, stormed a fort in which there were said to have been 4,000 Indians, and utterly destroyed their village with all its stores. The war raged during the first half of 1676 with unabated fury, but the conquests of the Nar- ragansetts and the complete destruction of his own tribe soon left Philip without resources. Deserted by all, he was hunted from spot to spot, and at last, taking refuge at Mount Hope, was there attacked by a party under Capt. Church, and in attempting to flee was killed by an Indian. His body was cut in quarters, and his head was sent to Plymouth, where it was exposed on a gibbet for 20 years. In this war 13 towns were completely destroyed and many others suffered severely ; 600 buildings were burned, 600 of the colonists were slain, and the expenses were in the neighborhood of $1,000,000. The calamities of the war fell chiefly upon the Massachusetts and Plymouth colonies, Connecticut suffering comparatively little. See Church's " History of King Philip's War" (1716 ; last ed., Boston, 1865). PHILIP THE BOLD (le Hardi), duke of Bur- gundy, son of John the Good of France, born Jan. 15, 1342, died at the chateau of Hall, in Hainaut, April 27, 1404. The duchy having reverted to the crown of France on the death of the last member of the first ducal house in 1361, Philip, chosen by King John from among the princes on account of the courage which had gained him his surname at Poitiers, was invested with the title by letters of Sept. 6, 657 VOL. xin. 27 PHILIP THE GOOD 415 1363 ; but he did not actually assume the gov- ernment and the title till 1364, his brother Charles V., who ascended the throne during that year, having confirmed the grant. On June 19, 1369, he married at Ghent Margaret of Flanders, widow of his predecessor and heir- ess of Flanders, Artois, Eethel, and Severs, as well as of enormous wealth. He displayed much wisdom in administration, and although he took command of the king's army sent to oppose the English duke of Lancaster in Nor- mandy, and fought against the English in 1372, 1374, and 1377, he kept aloof from the family and party conflicts of the time until the death of Charles (1380), when he became involved with his elder brother, the duke of Anjou, in the contest for the regency during the minor- ity of Charles VI. Among the confused events of the times, whatever mastery remained to the divided and menaced government was final- ly left in the hands of Philip ; but even after 1382, when the duke of Anjou went to Naples, his rule was interrupted by constant dissen- sions and insurrections. When in 1388 Charles declared his assumption of the throne, Philip was compelled to yield to his nephew the duke of Orleans ; but on the king's becoming insane in 1392 he again placed himself at the head of affairs despite the opposition of Orleans, and held it without interruption till 1402. In 1396, finding his own possessions suffering from the war with England, he concluded an armistice with that kingdom. In 1402 the duke of Orleans seized the government during Philip's absence, but he was at once compelled to yield. For the remaining two years of Philip's life his regency continued without im- portant interference. PHILIP THE GOOD (le Bori), duke of Bur- gundy, grandson of Philip the Bold, and only son of John the Fearless, born in Dijon, June 13, 1396, died in Bruges, June 15, 1467. He was educated under the direction of his moth- er, apart from the dissensions which at that time disturbed France and absorbed the atten- tion of his father, until in 1419 he was called by the assassination of the latter to succeed him in the government. With the help of Queen Isabella, who was inspired by hatred of her son the dauphin, he secured the re- gency of France which his father had held. This attained, he turned at once toward what formed the object of a great part of his life, revenge on the dauphin for the murder of his father. (See JOHN THE FEARLESS.) This he first sought by favoring the demands of Eng- land, going so far as to sign (May 21, 1420) the treaty of Troyes, which was little less than an agreement to cede France to the English king. After the death of Charles VI. he rec- ognized Henry VI. of England as sovereign of France, and, assisted by the English, kept up the war waged against the dauphin (now Charles VII.), the rightful ruler. But seeing that if France and England really became united, he must give up further personal am-
