PANATHEN^EA PANCREAS Panama railway. Their reports are about to be published. II. A city, capital of the state, situated on the bay of the same name, in lat. 8 56' N., Ion. 79 31' 2" W. > pop. about 11,000. It occupies a rocky peninsula extending from the base of the volcanic hill of Ancon about one fourth of a mile into the bay. The houses are mostly of stone, built in the Spanish style, the larger ones with courtyards and balconies, and the smaller with but one story. The only buildings of note are the cathedral, the churches, the cabildo or town hall, and the warehouses of the Panama railway. The bay is shallow, so that only small vessels can approach the shore, and the roadstead, though protected by several small outlying islands, is dangerous on account of the frequency of northers ; but ships find excellent anchorage at the neighboring island of Taboga, where they take in water. About 2 m. from the town are the islands of Perico and Flamenco, the stations of the Cali- fornia and Central American company's steam- ers. On the latter island are docks and other j facilities for repairing vessels. Passengers and freight are carried from the steamers on steam tugs and landed on a pier which extends 450 ft. into the bay. The average rise and fall of j the tide is 12 ft. Panama has a large com- j merce, but most of it is due to the transit trade. The arrivals of steamers average 13 a month, and of sailing vessels not more than 100 a year. The steamers comprise two American lines connecting with San Francisco and the Mexican and Central American ports, and British, French, and Chilian lines running to Guayaquil, Callao, Valparaiso, and intermedi- ate ports. The coasting trade is carried on in schooners and bongos, their freight consist- ing principally of caoutchouc and provisions. Panama was founded in 1518 by Pedrarias Davila, about 6 m. N. E. of the present site, to which it was transferred after the destruction of the old city by the buccaneers in 1670. It has suffered much from disastrous fires: in 1737, when it was almost entirely destroyed, and in 1864, 1870, and 1874, the loss in the last year amounting to $1,000,000. PANATHENvEA, the most splendid of the Athe- nian festivals, celebrated in honor of Athena (Minerva) Polias, protectress of the city. Ac- cording to tradition, it was instituted by Erich- thonius under the title of Athenaea. It retained this name, and the celebration was confined to Athens, until the reign of Theseus, who united all the Attic tribes, and this, becoming their common festival, was called Panathensea. The festival was divided into the lesser and the greater, the former taking place every year, the latter in the third year of each Olympiad. The difference between the two consisted in the greater splendor and solemnity of the lat- ter. The exercises consisted of foot, horse, and chariot races, gymnastics, and musical and poetic contests. The sacrifices were very costly, for every town in Attica and every colony of Athens was obliged to send a bull for the cele- bration. The duration of the festival was gradually extended from two to twelve days. The great attraction of the Panathensea was the procession, in which nearly all the in- habitants of Attica took part, to carry to the temple of Athena Polias the peplus of the god- dess, a crocus-colored garment in which were woven representations of her victorious acts. Phidias and his disciples represented this pro- cession in the frieze of the Parthenon. PANAY. See PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. PMCROUCRE. I. Charles Joseph, a French editor, born in Lille, Nov. 26, 1736, died in Paris, Dec. 19, 1798. His father, ANDRE JO- SEPH PANOKOUCKE (l700-'53), a publisher, was a prominent Jansenist and compiler of numer- ous works. The son became one of the most eminent booksellers of Paris, and edited Buf- fon's works and other celebrated publications, including Le grand vocabulaire francais, Le repertoire de jurisprudence, and Le voyageur francais, comprising an aggregate of about 100 volumes. Voltaire and his literary execu- tors designated him as the editor of his works ; but Panckoucke ceded the editorship to Beau- marchais, though he supervised the publica- tion. He translated Tasso's Gerusalemme li- berata, Ariosto's Orlando, and Lucretius. His greatest enterprise was the Encyclopedic metho- dique, published conjointly with Agasse (201 vols., 1781-1832, comprising 47 vols. of plates). He was proprietor of the Mercure francais, which he edited in conjunction with his broth- er-in-law Suard; and in November, 1789, he founded the Moniteur, with La Harpe, An- drieux, Regnier, and other eminent men as col- laborators. II. Charles Louis Flenry, a French editor, son of the preceding, born in Paris, Dec. 23, 1780, died July 12, 1844. He studied jurisprudence, and early held an office, but af- terward engaged in the publishing business. He published the Dictionnaire des sciences medi- cales (60 vols., 1812 et seq.), followed by Biogra- Shie medicale and Flore medicale (the latter ustrated by his wife, who died in 1860) ; L 1 Expedition des Francais en JEgypte (26 vols., 1820-'30, besides 12 vols. of plates); Les lar- reaux francais et anglais (19 vols., 1821); and 18 editions of the complete and separate works of Tacitus, including a superb one of the Latin text (80 copies, 1826-'7). His most celebrated publication was the Bibliotheque latine-fran- faise, with translations (174 vols., 1828 et seq.}, for which he translated the works of Tacitus (7 vols., 1830-'38). The publishing house has been continued by his son EENEST (born in 1806), who was for some time managing direc- tor of the Moniteur, and who has made a met- rical translation of Horace (1834; new sd., 1855), and edited many important works. PANCREAS, a single, non-symmetrical glan- dular organ, situated in man transversely across the upper part of the abdomen, about on the level of the last dorsal vertebra ; it is behind the peritoneum, at the posterior part of the epigastric region, on the spine and great ves-
