458 PHONOGRAPH BREATHS. CHECKS. Hard. Soft. Trilled. Hard. Sort. Nasal. Glottis ' as in hand ' as in and Koot of tongue and soft palate f h " loch 'h " Tage (G.) r k(kh) g (gh) n (ng) 'y " ich (G.) V " yea ch (chh) 1 (ih) fi (nv^ Tip of tongue and teeth ". s " rice z " to rise 1 t(th) d (dh) n Tongue reversed and palate s " sharp z " pleasure r t (th) d(dh) n th " breath dh " breathe f " life v " live Upper and lower lips . . w " Quell (G.) n (ph) b (bh) m 'w " which 'w " with Max Milller's analysis of several sounds, and hence the grouping of the physiological alpha- bet, has not been universally accepted. Thus Prof. W. D. Whitney contends that his view of the essential difference between vowels and consonants will not bear examination ; that his definition of wh as a simple whispered coun- terpart of w is clearly false; that trilling or vibration is not characteristic of an Z, nor ne- cessarily of an r ; that the description of the German ch is both wavering and unintelligi- ble ; and that especially his account of the spiritus asper and the spiritus lenis, and his explanation of the difference between such sounds as z, v, 5 on the one hand, and s,/, p on the other, are to be rejected. The physical scheme of the English spoken alphabet adopt- ed by Prof. "Whitney is the following : a (far) m (pan) d (not) & (there) A (all) e (met) 9 (but) 6 (none) Vowels. Sonant. - 3 (they) a (err) o (note) i ai, A i (mine, boy) au, u (mouth, full) I (pique) n, I (reckon, tackle) u (food) y (ye) r, I (care, bald) W (woe) Semivowels. ng (singing) n (ant) m (bosom) Nasals. Surd. n (hue) Aspiration. Sonant. zh (pleasure) z (zone) I Sibilants. Surd. sJi (nation) s (goose) Sonant dh (breathe) ( Vane > [ Spirants. Surd. th (path) /(fane) Sonant. g (gold) d (dear) 1 (bare) I Mutes Surd. 1C (cold) t (tear) P (pair) f Sonant. j (judge) Surd. ch (choose) (. Compound. Palatal series. Lingual series. Labial series. PHONOGRAPH (Gr. Quvrj, a sound, and ypafelv, to record), an instrument by which sounds may be recorded and reproduced. It depends, like the telephone, on the vibrations of a diaphragm corresponding to the tympanum of the ear ; but, unlike that instrument, its after action is en- tirely mechanical. Its construction may be best understood by reference to the accom- panying diagrams. In fig. 1, which is a side view of the phonograph, invented by Thomas A. Edison of New Jersey, is a cylinder turn- ins upon an axle supported on the standards A B, and which ends in the fly wheel E. When the cylinder is revolved by turning the crank, it is given a lateral movement by the screw thread which works over a plate beside A. A similar thread or spiral is cut on the cylinder itself. In front of the cylinder, on a standard, is a funnel-shaped mouthpiece F, which may be moved toward and from the cylinder by means of the lever H turning upon the pin I. The construction of the mouthpiece, which is similar to that of the telephone, may be best understood from the end view of the apparatus, shown in fig. 2, which is drawn in one-half scale. In this a sectional representation is given of F, which is composed of the funnel- shaped disk B B, made of hard rubber, hav- ing a small opening in its centre, and which nearly touches the plate or diaphragm A. This plate is of thin iron, about T ^-g- of an inch in thickness, and 2 in. in diameter. Its under side rests on two pieces of india-rubber tubing, X X, which press against the plate so that it will respond only to forced vibrations. Below the tubes is a spring attached to E, which has at
