560 PIUS (POPES) attracted to his capital a number of learned men and artists from other parts of Europe. See Ferrari, Vita Pii VI. (Rome, 1802) ; Ta- vanti, Fasti del papa Pio VI. (3 vols., Rome, 1804) ; Artaud de Montor, Eistoire de Pie VI. (Paris, 1847); and Cretineau-Joly, frfiglise romaine en face de la revolution (2 vols., Paris, 1859 ; 2d ed., 1863). VI. Pins VII. (BARNABA LTJIGI CHIARAMONTI), born in Oesena, Aug. 14, 1742, died in Rome, Aug. 20, 1823. At the age of 16 he became a Benedictine, and was after- ward lecturer on philosophy and theology at Parma and Rome and abbot of Sant' Anselmo. In 1782 he was appointed bishop of Tivoli by his cousin Pius VI., and in 1785 was created cardinal and archbishop of Imola. In 1796, when Imola was incorporated with the Cisal- pine republic, Cardinal Chiaramonti published an address in which he declared it to be the doctrine of the gospel that all should obey established governments, and that Christianity was compatible with every form of government. His conciliatory spirit, active charity, and saint- ly life helped to maintain peace among his people and won him the respect of the French. On Dec. 1, 1799, the cardinals assembled in conclave at Venice, and Chiaramonti, impov- erished by his many charities, travelled thither at the expense of a friend, and was elected pope, March 14, 1800. In the following July he en- tered Rome, which had been evacuated by the French, and immediately after concluded a concordat with the first consul whereby Cath- olic worship was reestablished in France as the state religion. In 1804 he went to Paris to crown Napoleon, passing several months there, and returning to Rome in May, 1805. The amicable relations thus apparently established were soon interrupted by the seizure by the French of the papal port of Ancona, and a demand from the emperor that his holiness should expel all Russians, Swedes, Sardinians, and Englishmen from his dominions. This the pope peremptorily declared he could not do. A long and acrimonious correspondence fol- lowed, the French meanwhile taking posses- sion of Civita Vecchia and of all the ports on the Adriatic. The refusal of the pope to grant a divorce between Jerome Bonaparte and Miss Patterson, and a dispute concerning appoint- ments to certain vacant sees in the kingdom of Italy, hastened a rupture. In February, 1808, a French force under Gen. Miollis took possession of Rome ; in April the emperor declared diplomatic intercourse at an end, and annexed the provinces of Ancona, Macerata, Fermo, and Urbino to the kingdom of Italy ; and in May, 1809, the remainder of the Roman states were incorporated with the French em- pire, Napoleon declaring that he "deemed it proper for the security of his empire and of his people to take back the grant of Charlemagne." The pope replied by a bull of excommunication (June, 1809). At dawn on July 6 Gen. Radet forced an entrance into the Quirinal, and con- veyed the pontiff, with his friend Cardinal Pacca, to Grenoble, whence he was removed in 1811 to Savona. In June, 1812, he was taken to Fontainebleau. Here he was treated alternately with great respect and great harsh- ness, and on Jan. 25, 1813, was persuaded, chiefly by the representations of several cardi- nals who were permitted to visit him, to sign a new concordat which tacitly gave up to the emperor the whole ecclesiastical states, and decided in favor of the civil power the long disputed question as to the papal veto on the appointment of bishops by the temporal au- thority. All the restrictions upon the freedom of his holiness were at once seemingly removed ; but a little reflection showed Pius that he had been overreached, and on March 24, in a letter to the emperor, he retracted his concessions, expressing the humblest penitence for his weak- ness, and imploring the divine forgiveness. Na- poleon took no notice of the letter, but after the disastrous campaign of Germany (1813) pro- posed to restore the provinces south of the Apennines if the pope would agree to a new concordat. Refusing to listen to any proposals until he had been restored to Rome, he was escorted to Italy in January, 1814; but the disturbed condition of affairs induced him to remain at Cesena until after the abdication of the emperor, when he made his entrance into Rome, May 24, in the midst of the live- liest demonstrations of popular satisfaction. For a short time during the hundred days he was again a fugitive, when his territories were invaded by Murat; but by the congress of Vienna all the states of the church, including the legations, were restored to him. The rest of his life was principally devoted to the do- mestic affairs of his dominions. He made great improvements in the police and courts of law, and through his minister Cardinal Con- salvi did much toward the extirpation of ban- ditti. He abolished every kind of torture, modi- fied the powers of the inquisition, and con- firmed the suppression of all feudal imposts, privileges, monopolies, and jurisdictions. He made new concordats with France and other states, reestablished the society of Jesus (Aug. 7, 1814), and condemned the carbonari. He was modest, disinterested, and virtuous. See Artaud de Montor, Histoire de la vie et du pon- tificat du pape Pie VII. (2 vols. 8vo, Paris, 1836) ; Cardinal Pacca's " Historical Memoirs," translated into English by Sir George Head (2 vols. post 8vo, London, 1850) ; and Memoir w du cardinal Conmlm (2 vols., Paris, 1864). VII. Pins IX. (GIOVANNI MARIA MASTAI-FER- EETTI), born in Sinigaglia, May 13, 1792. His father was Count Girolamo Mastai-Ferretti, gonfaloniere of Sinigaglia, and his mother was Countess Catarina Saluzzi. In 1803 he began his classical studies in the college of Volterra, suspended them in 1808 in consequence of fre- quent epileptic attacks, and in 1809, the mal- ady decreasing in intensity, he received the clerical tonsure, and went to Rome to study theology. In 1810 he returned to Sinigaglia
