PIUTE PIZARRO 565 quire into laxity of discipline in religious com- munities, and consummated by modifying the constitutions of several, so as to make the period of probation more protracted and to raise among all the standard of discipline and intellectual training ; the publication, Dec. 8, 1864, of the encyclical Quanta cur a, and the accompanying syllabus or catalogue of prop- ositions condemned by him at various times (see SYLLABUS) ; the celebration in 1869-'TO of the first session of the council of the Vatican (see INFALLIBILITY, and VATICAN, COUNCIL OF) ; the creation in the United States of a vast Roman Catholic hierarchy, crowned in March, 1875, by elevating to the cardinalate the archbishop of New York ; the conflict with the Russian government after 1863 in defence of the Polish Catholics, and those which took place with the German empire and the republic of Switzerland after the council of the Vatican. Pius IX. has bestowed the honors of canonization on more persons than any of his predecessors. In June, 1871, he completed the 25th year of his pontificate, and, by having reigned longer than any of his predecessors, contradicts the tradi- tional words uttered at his coronation, Non tidebis annos Petri, "Thoushalt not seethe years of Peter," while by the loss of his tem- poral power verifying the words uttered on the same occasion as a piece of flax is burned before the enthroned pontiff, Sic transit gloria mundi, "Thus passeth the glory of the world." See Balleydier, Histoire de la revolution de Rome (2 vols., Lyons, 1851) ; J. F. Maguire, " Rome, its Ruler and its Institu- tions " (London, 1859) ; Saint- Albin, Pie IX. (Paris, 1860) ; Legge, " Growth of the Tem- poral Power of the Papacy " (London, 1870), and "Pius IX., the Story of his Life" (2 vols., 1875). PIUTE, an E. county of Utah, bordering on Colorado, and intersected by the Grand and Green rivers; area, about 6,000 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 82. The W. part is crossed by the Wahsatch mountains, and watered by Sevier river. It is mostly sterile. Capital, Bullion. PI-UTES. See UTES. PIXIS, Theodor Lndwig August, a German paint- er, born in Kaiserslautern, July 1, 1831. He studied in Munich, and exhibited in 1855 " Co- riolanus and his Mother" and "Frederick II. of Hohenstaufen and Peter de Vineis," and in 1856 "Huss taking leave of his Friends at Constance." Subsequently he spent several years in Italy, and from 1858 to 1863 he ex- ecuted frescoes illustrative of the history of Charles X. and XI. of Sweden, for the Bava- rian national museum. The most celebrated of his later cartoons illustrate early and mod- ern German poetry. He has also produced a fine picture of Calvin's last conversation with Servetus in his prison at Geneva. PIZARRO. I. Francisco, a Spanish adventurer, born in Trujillo, Estremadura, about 1471, as- sassinated in Lima, Peru, June 26, 1541. He was an illegitimate son of Gonzalo Pizarro, a colonel of infantry, and of Francisca Gonzales. He received little care from his parents, and in his early years was a swineherd ; but he embarked with some adventurers at Seville for the new world. In 1510 he joined an expedi- tion from Hispaniola to Uraba in Terra Firma, under Alonso de Ojeda, who on quitting the settlement in search of supplies left Pizarro in command. Afterward he was associated with Balboa in establishing the settlement at Da- rien, and after Balboa's death Governor Pedra- rias employed him in several military expedi- tions. In 1515 he was sent with a small com- pany across the isthmus to traffic with the na- tives, and when Panama was made the capital he established himself near the city on a tract of land which he cultivated by the labor of In- dian slaves. A few years afterward he formed an association with Hernando de Luque, a priest possessed of considerable money, and with Die- go de Almagro, an adventurer and soldier, and they fitted out an expedition for exploration and conquest along the southern coast. They purchased a vessel, and in November, 1524, Pizarro embarked with 100 adventurers from Panama and sailed southward, Almagro fol- lowing in a smaller vessel with about 70 men. Neither voyage was successful, and after run- ning for several hundred miles down the coast of New Granada, sustaining terrible hardships and losing several men in their attempts to penetrate the interior, both commanders re- turned to the isthmus with a small quantity of gold obtained from the natives. They brought intelligence of the existence of the rich empire of Peru, and after a long controversy with Pe- drarias received permission to make a second attempt. For this expedition only 160 men could be mustered. Their first exploit was to plunder a small village on the river San Juan, where they got some gold, with which Alma- gro returned to Panama for recruits, while Pizarro established himself on the coast. Al- magro returned with 80 men, but the force was insufficient for the conquest, and he again went to Panama for reinforcements, while Pi- zarro continued to explore the coast. Pedro de los Rios, who had succeeded Pedrarias as governor of Panama, refusing to grant any fur- ther assistance, Pizarro, after various adven- tures, returned to that city, and went thence to Spain to ask for aid from the crown, taking with him as vouchers several natives of Peru, a few llamas, and many gold and silver articles of Peruvian manufacture. He reached Seville early in the summer of 1528, and on landing was imprisoned for debt ; but Charles V. ordered his release, and received him at court with dis- tinguished favor. On July 26, 1529, a capitu- lacion or commission was granted to him con- veying the right of discovery and conquest in Peru, with the title and rank of governor and captain general of the province, together with those of adelantado and alguacil mayor for life and a salary of 725,000 maravedis. On his part he agreed within six months to raise and
