REDFIELD RED JACKET 235 they have (1875) houses in Maryland, Massa- chusetts, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Illinois. A congregation of Redemptorist nuns, which was likewise founded hy Liguori in 1732, has never extended itself widely. REDFIELD, Isaac Fletcher, an American ju- rist, born in Weathersfield, Vt., April 10, 1804. He graduated at Dartmouth college in 1825, studied law, and practised at Derby and after- ward at Windsor, Vt. From 1835 to 1860 he was a judge of the supreme court, being chief justice from 1852; and from 1858 to 1862 he was professor of medical jurisprudence in Dartmouth college. In 1861 he removed to Boston, where he still resides (1875). From January, 1867, he was for two years special counsel of the United States in Europe, hav- ing charge of many important suits and legal matters in England and France. He received the degree of LL. D. from Trinity college in 1848, and from Dartmouth in 1855. He has published "The Law of Railways" (1857; 5th ed., 2 vols., 1873); "The Law of Wills" (3 vols., 1864) ; "The Law of Carriers and Bail- ments" (1869); "Leading American Railway Cases" (2 vols., 1870); and with W. A. Her- rick, " A Treatise on Civil Pleading and Prac- tice " (1868). Since 1862 he has been one of the editors of the " American Law Register " (Philadelphia) ; and he has also edited Story " On Equity Pleadings " and " Conflict of Laws," and Greenleaf " On Evidence," and has contributed very largely to periodicals. REDFIELD, William C., an American meteor- ologist, born in Middletown, Conn., March 26, 1789, died in New York, Feb. 12, 1857. In early life he was a mechanic. In some pedes- trian journeys he observed the course of the hurricane in September, 1821, long known as the "great September gale," and became con- vinced that the storm, instead of moving in a straight line, according to what was then sup- posed to be the law of such storms, had rota- ted around a central point, and that its move- ment had been in curved lines. Having es- tablished a line of steam tow boats on the Hud- son, and taken up his residence in New York, he investigated the ^connection of steam with navigation, and in pamphlets, essays, and pub- lished letters discussed the causes of steamboat explosions, the means of safety, and the neces- sity of careful and frequent inspection. In 1828 he published a pamphlet urging the im- portance of a system of railways to connect the waters of the Hudson with those of the Mississippi ; and he was largely engaged in promoting railroad construction. In 1831 he first gave to the public his " Theory of Storms," and three years later an elaborate article on the hurricanes of the West Indies. After 1836 he devoted much time to the investigation of the fossil fish of the Connecticut valley and the sandstones of the Atlantic coast in New Jersey, Virginia, and North Carolina, and made a very large collection of them ; and he read before the American association for the ad- vancement of science several papers on those fossils. He published during his life 62 essays, of which 40 pertain to meteorology ; the best known are accounts of hurricanes. (See HUR- RICANE, and METEOROLOGY.) RED FIN. See DACE. REDGRAVE, Richard, an English painter, born in London, April 30, 1804. He studied at the royal academy, and in 1837 exhibited his first successful work, representing " Gulliver on the Farmer's Table." His subsequent genre pic- tures delineate the sufferings of the poor, and at a later period he painted landscapes. His most celebrated pieces are " Country Cousins," "Cinderella," "Ophelia," "The Governess," and " Bolton Abbey." He was elected to the royal academy in 1857, and holds (1875) the offices of inspector general of art schools, for which he has prepared a system and course of instruction, and surveyor of crown pictures. He has published "An Elementary Manual of Colors" (London, 1863), and in conjunction with his brother, Samuel Redgrave, "A Cen- tury of Painters of the English School " (1866). The latter has also published "A Dictionary of Artists of the English School " (1874). REDI, Francesco, an Italian naturalist, born in Arezzo, Feb. 18, 1626, died in Pisa, March 1, 1698. He was physician to successive grand dukes at Florence, and acquired a high reputa- tion in his profession, and also as a naturalist, classical scholar, and poet. He belonged to the school of Galileo, and his writings are alike distinguished for depth of scientific inquiry and philosophic acumen. He first clearly enun- ciated the doctrine that all living organisms must have originally sprung from preexisting germs, and contended that in all cases of the apparent production of organized beings from dead matter, as in putrefactions and animal and vegetable infusions, the previous existence or subsequent introduction of such germs must be presumed. He openly attacked the doc- trines of the abiogenists, or defenders of the theory of spontaneous generation, opposing their assertions by a series of simple and for the time almost conclusive experiments, which still serve modern naturalists as a basis in sim- ilar researches. (See SPONTANEOUS GENERA- TION.) His most important works are Osser- vazioni intorno alle viper e (4to, Florence, 1664 ; Latin translation, Amsterdam, 1678); Esperi- eme intorno alia generazione degV insetti (1668 ; Latin, 1671), which had many editions ; and Os- servazioni agli animali viventi che si trovano negli animali viventi (1684). The finest of his poems is Bacco in Toscana (1685), a eulogy of the wines of Tuscany. He also wrote lives of Dante and Petrarch. The latest edition of his complete works was published at Milan in 1809, in 9 vols. 8vo. RED JACKET (SA-GO-YE-WAT-HA), a principal chief of the Senecas, of the Wolf tribe, born at Old Castle, near the foot of Seneca lake, in 1752, died at Seneca Village, near Buffa- lo, N. Y., Jan. 20, 1830. His original In-
