320 RICHMOND 1,872 of Scotch origin or descent. It is trav- ersed by the Grand Trunk railway. Capital, Richmond East. II. A county of Nova Sco- tia, Canada, occupying the S. portion of Cape Breton island, with Madame and smaller isl- ands adjacent ; area, 623 sq. m. ; pop. in 1871, 14,268, of whom 6,965 were of French, 4,902 of Scotch, 1,437 of Irish, and 746 of English origin or descent. Capital, Arichat, on Ma- dame island. RICHMOND, a city, port of entry, and the capital of Virginia and of Henrico co., the largest city in the state, on the N. hank of James river, here crossed by five bridges, at the head of tide water, and at the lower falls, about 150 m. from its mouth, and 95 m. S. S. W. of Washington; lat. 37 32' 17" N., Ion. 77 27' 28" W. ; pop. in 1790, 3,761 ; in 1800, 5,737; in 1810, 9,785; in 1820, 12,067; in 1830, 16,060; in 184Q, 20,153; in 1850, 27,- 570; in 1860, 37,910; in 1870, 51,088, of whom 3,778 were foreigners and 23,- 110 colored; in 1874, 60,705. The city is built on Richmond and Shockoe hills, which are separated by Shockoe creek, and is surrounded by beautiful scenery. It is regularly laid out and well built; the streets, which are lighted with gas, cross each other at right angles. There is a line of horse cars. On Shockoe hill are the state capitol and other public build- ings. The capitol, in the centre of a park of eight acres, is a large and im- posing edifice, having at one end a handsome portico ; it contains in its central hall Hou- don's celebrated statue of Washington, and near by a marble bust of Lafayette. On the east of the capitol square is the gover- nor's mansion. On the esplanade leading from the mansion toward the W. gate of the square stands a monument by Crawford, con- sisting of a bronze equestrian statue of Wash- ington rising from a pedestal of granite sur- rounded by bronze figures of Patrick Henry, Thomas Jefferson, John Marshall, George Ma- son, Thomas Nelson, and Andrew Lewis. The square also contains a marble statue of Hen- ry Clay. Among the principal public build- ings, in different parts of the city, are the state penitentiary, state armory, court house, jail, custom house (also occupied by the post office), theatre, and two markets. There are several cemeteries, the handsomest of which is Holly- wood. The falls of James river afford im- mense water power. Vessels drawing 16 ft. can ascend to within a mile of the centre of the city, at a place called Rockets, and those of 18 ft. draught to Warwick, 3 m. below. A canal has been built around the falls, and above them there is navigation for over 200 m. Im- provements are in progress in the river, which are expected to render the docks accessible by vessels drawing 19 ft. The James River and Kanawha canal extends to Buchanan, 196 m. Richmond is the point of intersection of five lines of railroad, viz. : Chesapeake and Ohio ; Richmond, Danville, and Piedmont; Richmond, Fredericksburg, and Potomac; Richmond and Petersburg; and Richmond, York River, and Chesapeake. The value of its foreign com- merce for the year ending June 80, 1874, was as follows: imports, $156,260; exports, $3,- 463,626. The number of entrances was 33, tonnage 9,032 ; clearances 74, tonnage 36,305 ; number of vessels belonging in the district, 31, State Capitol of Virginia. tonnage 2,528. The chief articles of export are tobacco and flour. The latter is noted for its excellent quality, and is mostly shipped to Brazil. Great quantities of tobacco are shipped to the north. The number of entrances in the coastwise trade for the year ending Sept. 30, 1873, was 719, tonnage 512,613; clearances, 579, tonnage 487,004. Regular lines of steam- ers run to Norfolk, Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York. The manufactures give em- ployment to more than 4,000 men. The prin- cipal establishments are 13 iron works, ma- chine shops, and founderies, producing all kinds of wrought- and cast-iron work, steam engines, agricultural implements, tobacco ma- chinery, Scc. ; one sugar refinery, one tannery, four manufactories of plug and smoking to- bacco, four of cigars, three of coaches and wagons, one each of saws, files, &c., of sash, doors, and blinds, of sheetings and shirtings, of stoneware, sumach, cedar ware, bedding and
