324 RICKETS RIDOLFI the Platte and united with the remnants of the Mandans, and have since lived with them and the Minnetarees, engaging largely in agri- culture. In 1862 they removed to Fort Ber- thold. During the civil war a number served as scouts in the army. By the treaty of July 27, 1866, $75,000 a year is to he expended for the three tribes ; and by executive order of April 12, 1870, a reservation of 8,640,000 acres in N. W. Dakota and E. Montana was assigned to them. They have begun to erect log huts instead of earth lodges, and have been assigned to the care of the American board of foreign missions, but up to 1875 had no mis- sionary or school. They were reported in 1874 at 975, though Dr. Matthews estimates them at only 800. RICKETS (Lat. raehitia, from Gr. ^a^f, the back bone), a disease of children characterized by an arrest of ossification, and leading to de- formity, chiefly of the lower limbs. Rickets rarely occurs before the child is 12 months old, and commonly first shows itself in the second year. It is most frequent among those who inherit unhealthy constitutions, and who are ill fed or confined to a damp and badly ventilated atmosphere. According to Trous- seau, 90 out of every 100 children affected with rickets have been either brought up entirely by hand or have been prematurely weaned. Very frequently the disease supervenes on some ex- hausting and long continued illness. Trousseau thinks the tardy evolution of the first teeth is indicative of a tendency to rickets. The first symptom of the complaint is an enlargement of the joints, the wrists, knees, &c. After- ward the long bones, particularly those of the lower extremities, give way under the weight of the body, and become bent, sometimes in one, sometimes in another direction ; often the ribs are pressed in and the sternum pushed out- ward, making the child what is termed chicken- breasted; the bones of the pelvis and those of the spine become variously bent and deformed. This is due to a deficiency in the proportion of calcareous matter in the bones, which renders them less rigid than natural and liable to yield to the increasing weight of the body. The de- formity of the chest produced in this manner may be so great as to seriously interfere with the functions of the heart and lungs. The bones of the head are never deformed, though rachitic children have frequently large heads, and the fontanelles are late in closing. Du- ring the progress of the disease the patient is pale and languid, and has a deficient or irregu- lar appetite. It is very rarely fatal ; after an uncertain period the appetite returns, the child recovers strength and flesh, and the bones at- tain their natural firmness; in after life the bones affected are found to be unusually hard and compact. The treatment of rickets is mainly by a nutritious, digestible diet, fresh air, suitable clothing, and passive exercise. Tonics and chalybeates may be employed, and the tepid salt-water bath may be found useful. RICORD, Philippe, a French physician, born in Baltimore, Md., Dec. 10, 1800. His father had come to the United States in 1790. In 1820 the son went to Paris, where he received his medical degree in 1826. He first practised at Olivet, near Orleans, and later at Crouy-sur- Ourcq. From 1831 to 1860 he was surgeon-in- chief of the hopital du midi in Paris. He has specially devoted himself to venereal diseases, his works on which have a wide reputation. ALEXANDER, his brother, born in Baltimore in 1798, received the degree of M. D. at Paris in 1824, and is author of several works on medi- cine and natural history. RIDLEY, Nicholas, an English bishop, born at Wilmontswick, Northumberland, about 1500, burned at the stake in Oxford, Oct. 16, 1555. He graduated at Pembroke hall, Cambridge, in 1518, and in 1524 took holy orders. In 1527 he went to study at the Sorbonne, and was afterward at Louvain till 1529. On his return to Cambridge he was chosen under treasurer of the university. He became domestic chap- lain to Archbishop Cranmer in 1537, vicar of Herne in Kent in 1538, and master of his col- lege in 1540. He preached against the use of images and holy water, and gradually became a strenuous supporter of Protestant doctrines. At the instigation of Bishop Gardiner he was accused of preaching against the six articles, but the accusation being referred to Cranmer, he was acquitted. In 1545 he was made a pre- bendary of Westminster, and in 1547 bishop of Rochester. He sat on the commission that deprived Bonner of the bishopric of London, and in 1550 was appointed his successor; he also shared in the deposition of Bishop Gardi- ner. He assisted Cranmer in preparing the 41 articles. Having sought an interview with the princess Mary, he expressed his views very freely, and requested permission to preach before her, which was peremptorily refused. Moved by a sermon of Ridley's, Edward VI. converted Grey Friars and St. Bartholomew's priories, with their revenues, into charitable institutions, and his own house of Bridewell into a compulsory workhouse for such as were in distress through wilful idleness. In a ser- mon preached at St. Paul's Cross Ridley es- poused the cause of Lady Jane Grey, and warned the people of the evil that would fol- low to Protestantism if Mary should come to the throne. On Mary's accession he was at once arrested and committed to the tower (July, 1553), and in April, 1554, was taken to Oxford, to attend a discussion on the real presence. At its close he was with Cranmer and Latimer adjudged an obstinate heretic, and confined at Oxford ; and after many at- tempts to induce him to recant, he was led to the stake with Latimer. His works were col- lected by the Parker society (1 vol. 8vo, 1841). RIDOLFI, Roberto, an Italian conspirator, born in Florence about 1520. He settled in Lon- don as a merchant and banker in 1554, acted there as secret agent for the pope and other
