350 EIVAROL RIVINGTON of women who under their rule have devoted themselves to life-long labor in hospitals and similar institutions, for the love of God and their neighbor. An evangelist brotherhood of preachers has also been formed, who devote themselves to the holding of missions in cities and towns. In this country there is more or less of sympathy with the English ritualistic movement, but with much less development of detail. The attempts made in the general con- ventions of 1868, 1871, and 1874 to legislate against various usages regarded as ritualistic, were all defeated. In 1874 a general canon was passed (by many considered to be uncon- stitutional), which was regarded as a nearly unanimous expression of opinion unfavorable to ritualistic extremes; but no occasion has arisen in any diocese for putting it in force. RIYAUOL, Antoine, A French author, born at Bagnols, Languedoc, June 26, 1753, died in Berlin, April 13, 1801. After preparing him- self for the church he became a private tutor at Lyons. In 1777 he went to Paris, where he assumed after his mother the name of chevalier de Parcieux, and next that of Count Rivarol. He led a dissipated and adventurous life, and acquired celebrity as a wit, satirist, journalist, Eoet, and miscellaneous writer. lie defended ouis XVI., who had given him a pension of 4,000 livres, and in 1792 fled to Brussels. He afterward went to London and Hamburg, and in 1800 to Berlin on a mission from the future Louis XVIII. His principal works are: Dis- cours sur Vuniveraalite de la. langue francaise (1784) ; Petit almanack de nos grand* homines (1788) ; and Vie politique de Lafayette (1792). Ch&nedolle and Fayolle edited his works under the title Esprit de Rivarol (5 vols., 1808). His wife, an English woman, wrote Notice sur la vie et la mort de M. de Rivarol (2 vols., Paris, 1802). See also Rivarol, sa vie et sea outrages, by M. de Lescure, accompanying a select edition of his works (1862). BIVAS, Angel de Saavedra, duke of, a Spanish poet, born in Cordova, March 1, 1791. After advocating constitutional government in the cortes, he was exiled from 1823 to 1834. In 1836 he became minister of the interior in the government of Isturiz, which was soon driven from power by the revolutionary move- ment of La Granja. He was again banished by Espartero in 1837, but returned with Queen Maria Christina in 1843, and was ambassador to Naples till 1848. In 1854 he belonged to the short-lived cabinet which was overthrown by O'Donnell. Next he was ambassador in Paris, and in 1864 he presided for some time over the council of state. His principal works include, besides tragedies and comedies, Ensa- yos poeticos (2 vols., Madrid, 1813) ; Florinda, an epic poem on the Moorish conquest (1824- '5); Romances historicos (2 vols., Paris, 1840- '41) ; El Moro espbsito, an epic poem (2 vols., 1844) ; and Hittoria de la tublevacion de Nd- poles (2 vols., Madrid, 1848; French transla- tion by D'Hervey de Saint-Denys, Paris, 1849). RIYE-DE-CIER, a town of France, in the de- partment of Loire, on the Gier, an affluent of the Rhone, 12 m. N. E. of St. Etienne ; pop. in 1872, 13,946. It has blast furnaces and forges, and steam engines, steel, glass (chiefly bottles of fine quality), and ribbon are manu- factured. Near it are silk mills, extensive coal fields, and the reservoir of the Givors canal. KIVER I10G. See WABT HOG. RIVES, William Cabell, an American statesman, born in Nelson co., Va., May 4, 1793, died near Charlottesville, Va., April 26, 1868. He was educated at Hampden Sidney and William and Mary colleges, and studied law. In 1816 he was a member of the state constitutional convention ; and from 1817 to 1819, and in 1822 of the state legislature. In 1823-7 he was a representative in congress, and in 1829- '32 minister to France. He was elected Uni ted States senator in 1832, and resigned in 1834, but was reflected in 1835 and again in 1840, serving till 1845. He was again minister to France from 1849 to 1858. In 1861 he was a member of the peace conference which met at Washington in February, and before the inauguration of Mr. Lincoln as president he with others had a special interview with him to consult upon the means of averting civil war. After the secession of Virginia Mr. Rives became a member of the confederate provisional congress at Montgomery, Ala. He published " Life and Times of James Madison " (3 vols., Boston, 1859-'69). RIYUVGTON, James, a royalist printer of New- York during the revolution, born in London about 1724, died in New York in July, 1802. Early in life he was a bookseller in London, and acquired a fortune, which he lost at Newmarket. In 17CO he settled in Phila- delphia, and in 1761 opened a book store in New York. On April 22, 1773, he established the " New York Gazetteer, or the Connecti- cut, New Jersey, Hudson's River, and Quebec Weekly Advertiser," in which he advocated the cause of the English government with great zeal. In November, 1775, in consequence of his constant assaults upon Capt. Isaac Sears and other republicans, that officer came from Connecticut with 75 horsemen to New York, destroyed Rivington's press, and converted the types into bullets. In October, 1777, the city being occupied by the British, he resumed the publication of his paper under the old title, which was not long after changed to "Rivington's New York Royal Gazette," and on Dec. 13 to the " Royal Gazette." About 1781, when the success of the British was becoming very doubtful, he placed the part of a spy, furnishing Washington with important information. His communications were writ- ten on very thin paper, and conveyed to the American camp in the covers of books. After the evacuation of New York Rivington was allowed to remain, much to the general sur- prise. He took down the royal arms from his paper and changed the title to "Rivington's
