432 ROSARY ROSCOE and from foreign ports was 230,209 tons, 69 per cent, of which was steam. ROSARY (Lat. ronarium), the name given by Roman Catholics to a certain form of prayers recited on a string of beads, and to the beads themselves. This form of prayer was institu- ted in the 13th century by St. Dominic, as a popular way of meditating on the chief mys- teries of Christ's life. It consists of 15 times 10 small beads, every 10 small ones being pre- ceded by one larger one. At each large bead the Lord's prayer is recited, and at each of the smaller ones the "Hail Mary," the 10th " Hail Mary " being followed by the doxol- ogy : " Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the ^loly Ghost," &c. In each "Hail Mary," after the word "Jesus," which concludes the first half of it, a few words commemorative of a mystery in the life of Christ are inserted. The rosary was intended to be for the laity what the breviary is for the priests; and as the number of "Hail Marya" in the rosary is equal to the number of psalms in the breviary, it is often called psalterium Marianum. The name rosarium (in mediaeval Latin) is probably derived from the appella- tion rosa mystica, by which the Virgin Mary is frequently designated in the prayers of the church. On account of the length of the original rosary, it soon became and still is customary to take for common use only one third of it, which is also called "the small rosary," and popularly the crown (corona) or chaplet of the Blessed Virgin. The Bud- dhists and Mohammedans likewise use beads for counting their prayers, those of the lat- ter being commonly formed of sacred clay of Mecca or Medina. (See BEAD.) ROSAS, Joan Munnrl de. See ARGENTINE RE- PUBLIC, vol. i., p. 693. ROSCHER, U'illirlm, a German economist, born in Hanover, Oct. 21, 1817. He graduated at Berlin in 1840, and was professor there from 1843 to 1846, and afterward at Leipsic. His principal works are: Syttem der Volkswirth- itehaft (vol. i., Die Grundlagen der Nntional- okonomie, Stuttgart, 1854; 9th ed., 1871; vol. ii., Nationalukonomie de Ackerbaues, 1859; 6th ed., 1870); and GeachichU der National- okonomie in Deutschlmd (Munich, 1874). ROSCIUS, Qnintns a Roman comic actor, born at Soloniura, near Lanuvium, died in 62 B. C. Sulla gave him a gold ring, the symbol of equestrian rank. He is frequently spoken of in terms of the highest praise and affection by Cicero, who in his youth received instruction from him, and afterward defended him in a lawsuit. Roscius wrote a treatise in which he compared eloquence and acting. Accord- ing to Macrobius he received 1,000 denarii (about $150) every day, and Pliny says that ho yearly gained 50,000,000 sesterces. ROSCOE. I. William, an English historian, born near Liverpool, March 8, 1753, died in Liverpool, June 27, 1831. In 1774 he was admitted an attorney of the court of king's bench, and commenced practice in Liverpool. He took an active part in the agitation for the abolition of the slave trade, and published "A General View of the African Slave Trade " (1787); "A Scriptural Refutation of a Pam- phlet lately published by the Rev. Raymond Harris, entitled 'Scriptural Researches on the Licitness of the Slave Trade,' in four Letters from the Author to a Clergyman " (1788) ; and "An Inquiry into the Causes of the In- surrection of the Negroes in the Island of St. Domingo" (1792). In 1796 he published "The Life of Lorenzo de' Medici, called the Magnificent" (2 vols. 4to), which was trans- lated into French, German, and Italian; and in 1805 "The History of the Life and Pontifi- cate of Leo X." In a supplementary volume, " Illustrations, Historical and Critical, of the Life of Lorenzo de' Medici " (1822), he replied to various criticisms. In 1806 he was elected a member of parliament from Liverpool in the whig interest, and after the dissolution of that parliament in 1807 he published " Occasional Tracts relative to the War." He was also the author of other works of minor importance, and edited Pope's works (10 vols. 8vo, 1824). Three of his sons became well known in lit- erature. ROBERT (1790-1850) wrote poems, and completed in return for a legacy his friend Mr. Fitchett's posthumous epic " Alfred " (6 vols., London, 1844). THOMAS (1791-1871) was distinguished especially as a translator and editor of Italian works. His more im- portant publications are : a translation of the " Memoirs of Benvenuto Cellini " (2 vols., 1822); A translation of Sismondi's "History of the Literature of the South of Europe" (4 vols. 8vo, London, 1823); specimens from Italian novelists (4 vols., 1825), from German novelists (4 vols., 1826), and from Spanish novelists (3 vols., 1832) ; a translation of the "Memoirs of Scipio de Ricci " (2 vols., 1828); a translation of Lanzi's " History of Painting in Italy " (6 vols., 1828) ; and a "Life of Wil- liam the Conqueror" (1846). HENRY (1799- 1836), barrister at law, published a life of his father (2 vols. 8vo, 1833), and wrote also "Lives of Eminent Lawyers "for " Lardner's Oyclopajdia," besides various legal works. II. Henry Knlicld. an English chemist, son of Henry, born in London, Jan. 7, 1833. He was educa- ted at the Liverpool high school, University college, London, and Heidelberg university. While at Heidelberg (1853-'7) he published in conjunction with Bunsen a series of memoirs on the measurement of the chemical action of light, and other original investigations. In 1867 he was appointed professor of chemistry in Owens college, Manchester, in 1863 became a fellow of the royal society, and in 1873 re- ceived the royal medal of that society. He has published " Elementary Lessons in Chem- istry " (1866), translated into several languages, and "Lectures on Spectrum Analysis" (18G9), giving the first connected account of the dis- coveries in that branch of science.
