RUSHWORTH at the Court and Government of Louis Philippe and the French Revolution of 1848." RUSHWORTH, John, an English compiler, born in Northumberland about 1607, died in Lon- don, May 12, 1690. He studied at Oxford and at Lincoln's Inn, and was called to the bar, but never practised. From 1630 he took notes of all important proceedings in the higher courts and in parliament. He was assistant clerk and messenger of the house in the long parliament, from 1645 to 1650 assistant secretary to Lord Fairfax, and afterward for many years a mem- ber of parliament. From 1684 till his death he was in prison for debt. The first part (1 vol. fol.) of his " Historical Collection of private Passages of State, weighty Matters in Law, and remarkable Proceedings in Parliament," covering the proceedings from 1618 to 1629, appeared in 1659 ; the second part, from 1629 to 1640, and the "Trial of the Earl of Straf- ford," in 1680 ; and the other parts were ready for the press at his death. The whole work was reprinted in 1721, in 7 vols. RISK. I. An E. county of Texas, bordered N. by the Sabine river, and watered in the north by its branches and in the south and west by those of the Angelina; area, 1,025 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 16,916, of whom 7,715 were colored. Iron ore is abundant, and there are some min- eral springs. The chief productions in 1870 were 347,561 bushels of Indian corn, 73,556 of sweet potatoes, 12,752 bales of cotton, 8,718 Ibs. of wool, and 108,301 of butter. There were 1,904 horses, 1,337 mules and asses, 11,251 cat- tle, 3,607 sheep, and 21,785 swine. Capital, Henderson. II. A W. central county of Dako- ta, recently formed and not included in the cen- sus of 1870; area, about 1,600 sq. m. It is bounded E. by the Missouri river, and inter- sected by the Moreau. The W. portion is oc- cupied by Elk ridge. The surface is chiefly rolling prairies. RI'SKIX, John, an English author, born in London in February, 1819. He is the son of a London merchant, from whom he inherited a large fortune, and graduated in 1842 at Christ Church college, Oxford, having in 1839 gained the Newdigate prize for English poetry. Im- mediately afterward he devoted himself to the study of art, and to water-color painting. In 1843 he published "Modern Painters: their Superiority in the Art of Landscape Painting to all the Ancient Masters. By a Graduate of Oxford." It attracted attention from the bril- liancy of its style, the eloquence of its de- scriptive passages, and particularly the sum- mary manner in which the most distinguished landscape painters of the old and new schools were disposed of, and Turner's supremacy ad- vocated. Among critics and connoisseurs its reception was generally hostile, but it gained admirers and disciples, and in 1846 was repub- lished in a greatly enlarged form, accompanied by a second volume treating " Of the Imagina- tive and Theoretic Faculties," to which, after an interval of ten years, a third and fourth RUSKIN 473 were added ; and in 1860 the work was com- pleted by a fifth volume, the last three volumes containing illustrations by the author. Mr. Ruskin subsequently revised this work, ma- king many alterations (5 vols. 8vo, London, 1860-'67). At the time of its completion in 1860 the original title had become a misnomer, the work being for the most part a philosoph- ical treatise on landscape painting. The col- lection of materials for this work involved long visits to various parts of continental Europe, and in the cities of Italy, especially in Venice, the contemplation of the more striking medie- val buildings inspired Ruskin with the idea of a reform in domestic architecture. The result was his "Seven Lamps of Architecture" (8vo, 1849), and " The Stones of Venice " (3 vols., 1851 -'3), both works illustrated by himself. In 1851 he began a series of "Examples of the Architecture of Venice," from his own designs, of which but three parts appeared. Among his other architectural publications are a pamphlet entitled "The Opening of the Crystal Palace, considered in some of its Relations to the Pros- pects of Art," mainly devoted to a scheme for the preservation of Gothic buildings and works of art, and "The Study of Architecture in our Schools" (1865). His "Notes on the Construction of Sheepfolds" (1861) is a dis- cussion of church discipline and doctrine ra- ther than of church building. The pre-Ra- phaelite movement in the British school of painting early enlisted the sympathy of Rns- kin, who alleged that the principles on which Hunt, Millais, and their followers proceeded had first been enunciated in his own works ; and in his pamphlet " Pre-Raphaelitism " (1851), his "Notes" on the royal academy ex- hibitions of 1855-'60, and elsewhere, he has recorded his admiration of the productions of the new school. In his " Notes " on Turner's pictures and drawings exhibited in Marlbo- rough house, published in 1857, he astonished the public by severe strictures on that painter. In 1867 he was appointed Rede lecturer at Cambridge, and received from the university the degree of LL. D. In 1869 he was elected professor of fine arts in the university of Ox- ford. In 1871 he gave 5,000 to endow a mas- ter of drawing in the Taylor galleries, Oxford. He has published several courses of lectures to artisans and others, among which are: "Ar- chitecture and Painting " (1854) ; "The Political Economy of Art" (1858); "The Two Paths," being lectures on decoration and manufacture (1859); "Sesame and Lilies," on books and reading (1864) ; " The Ethics of the Dust," on the elements of crystallization (1865); "The Crown of Wild Olive," on work, traffic, and war (1866); "Lectures on Art," delivered at Oxford (1870) ; " The Eagle's Nest " and " Ara- tra Pentelici," on the elements of sculpture (1872); and "Ariadne Florentine," on engra- ving (1874). He has also published " Elements of Perspective," with 80 diagrams (1889) ; "The King of the Golden River," a Christ-
