534 SAINT JOHN and supplied with water, and contains the residences of many St. John merchants, six churches, and several ship yards, saw mills, and founderies. St. John has communication with Halifax by the Intercolonial railway, and with Fredericton and Bangor, Me., by the Eu- ropean and North American railroad. Steam- ers run regularly to Fredericton and other points on the river, to St. Andrews and St. Stephen, to Annapolis, Yarmouth, and other points in Nova Scotia, and to Portland, Me., and Boston. The harbor is one of the finest in America, and is never blocked with ice. The entrance, about 2 m. 8. of the city, is protected by Partridge island, on which are a quarantine hospital and a lighthouse with a light 166 ft. above the sea. The passage W. of the island has 10 ft. of water and that E. of it 16 ft., while abreast of the city there is from 8 to 22 fathoms. On the E. side of the channel below the city a breakwater has been constructed as a protection against southerly gales. There is a peculiar phenomenon at the entrance of the river into the harbor about 1J- m. above the city; the stream, discharging an immense body of water, is forced through a rocky gorge, 160 yards wide and 400 long, and makes a fall of about 17 ft. The tide in the harbor rises ordinarily 21 ft., but at the vernal equinox 25 ft. At low water the waters of the river are about 12 ft. higher than those of the harbor, at high water 5 ft. lower, while for 15 or 20 minutes of each ebb and flow of the tide they are at the same level, during which vessels can pass the falls. Above the falls the tide seldom rises more than 4 ft. Spanning the gorge, about 100 ft. above low water, is a magnificent suspension bridge, 640 ft. long. The value of foreign commerce for the three years ending June 30, 1875, was as follows : YEAR. Import.. Export*. 1878... $3,118,753 94,107,550 1874 8,415,936 H.;il.ViJ 1875... 8.812.758 8,tM2.vj5 The entrances during the last named year were 1,181, tonnage 877,614, of which 419, tonnage 122,567, were in ballast; clearances, 1,141, tonnage 448,981, of which 16, tonnage 6,535, were in ballast. The number of vessels be- longing to the port on Jan. 1, 1875, was 807, with an aggregate tonnage of 263,401. The exports consist chiefly of lumber, which is shipped to Great Britain, the West Indies, and the United States. The manufactures of St. John are of considerable importance, the amount of capital invested, according to the census of 1871, being $1,225,942 ; number of hands employed, 4,103; value of products, $5,094,976. The number of ships built during the year ending Dec. 81, 1874, was 58, with an aggregate tonnage of 85,872. Among the other articles of manufacture are iron castings, nails, edge tools, lumber, leather, boots and shoes, soap and candles, paper, cotton goods, rolling mill products, rope, hats, and carriages. There are two banks with a joint capital of $2,000,- 000, three branch banks, a savings institution, and three banking firms. St. John is divided into nine wards, and is governed by a mayor, nine aldermen, and nine councilmen. It has a police force and a good fire department, with a tire alarm telegraph. There are several good hotels, three orphan asylums, an industrial school, a grammar and several common schools, several private or denominational schools and academies, a historical society, a natural his- tory society, a young men's Christian asso- ciation, four daily, one tri-weekly, and nine weekly newspapers, a bi-weekly periodical, and 81 churches, viz.: 5 Baptist, 1 Calvinistic Baptist, 1 Christian, 1 Congregational, 6 Epis- copal, 2 Free Christian Baptist, 1 Methodist Episcopal, 6 Presbyterian, 1 Reformed Pres- byterian, 2 Roman Catholic, and 5 Wesleyan Methodist. St. John was founded by Ameri- can loyalists who left the United States at the close of the revolution, and was created a city by royal charter in 1785. SAIXT JOHN, Henry* See BOLINGBROKE. MIM JOHN. I. James Augustas, an English author, born in Carmarthenshire, Sept. 24, 1801. lie went to London at the age of 17, edited a newspaper at Plymouth, published a poem entitled "Abdallah," and became sub- editor with James Silk Buckingham of the " Oriental Herald." He afterward travelled in the East and resided abroad for many years, and while writing at Chantilly, France, his u History of the Manners and Customs of An- cient Greece " (8 vols. 8vo, London, 1842) be- came nearly blind. Among his other works are: "Description of Egypt and Nubia" (8vo, 1834) ; " History, Manners, and Customs of the Hindoos" (2 vols., 1884-'5); "Isis, an Egyp- tian Pilgrimage " (2 vols., 1852) ; " The Neme- sis of Power: Forms and Causes of Revolu- tions;" "There and Back again in search of Beauty: Italy" (2 vols., 1858); "Philosophy at the Foot of the Cross " (1855) ; " History of the Four Conquests of England, Roman, An- glo-Saxon, Danish, and Norman" (2 vols., 1861); and "Life of Sir Walter Raleigh" (2 vols., 1868). He has also published four nov- els, entitled "Tales of the Ramad'han," "Mar- garet Ravenscroft," " Sir Cosmo Digby," and " Weighed in the Balance." II. Percy Bollog- broke, an English author, son of the preceding, born in Plymouth, March 4, 1821. He accom- panied his father in his travels, and assisted him in the preparation of some of his works, and received from the Greek parliament a vote of thanks for his activity in the cause of the Greeks before the Crimean war. He also trav- elled in America. He has published "The Young Naturalist's Book of Birds" (London, 1844); "Three Days of the French Revolu- tion " (1848) ; " Quadroona, or the Slave Moth- er" (1861); "The Creole Bride" (1864); and " Good as Gold " (1870). III. Btyte, an English
