588 SALZACH SAMARCAND Hamlet, the Gladiator, Samson, David Garrick, &c., in the leading American cities, and 28 in Havana, closing with Othello in New York in June, 1874. In 1875 he gave a successful series of performances in London. SALZAfH, or Salzt. See SALZBURG. SALZBURG. I. A duchy and crownland of Austria, bordering on Upper Austria, Styria, Carinthia, Tyrol, and Bavaria ; area, 2,767 sq. m.; pop. at the end of 1869, 153,159. It is almost entirely surrounded by Alpine moun- tains. The Noric Alps extend through the country under various names, and the Gross- Glockner, their highest peak (12,776 ft.), is on the southern border, on the confines of Carin- thia and Tyrol. The principal river is the Salzach, an affluent of the Inn, which rises in the S. W. corner, flows E. by N. to the cen- tre of the duchy, and then N. N. W. to the Bavarian frontier. Among other rivers are the Enns and the Mur. The Zeller lake is the largest of the numerous Alpine lakes. The Krimler Ache waterfall is the most imposing in Austria. The principal mineral springs are at Gastein. Hallein, on the Salzach, is noted for its production of salt. The climate is gen- erally cold, but not unhealthful, although there are many cretins in the high mountain region. Salt, copper, iron, lead, and arsenic abound, but the production of precious metals has fall- en off. Cattle and horses are plentiful. Ho- siery is the principal article of manufacture. The country formed a part of the Roman prov- ince of Noricum, and after the fall of the em- pire rapidly recovered from the invasion of the barbarians. The duchy owes its origin to a bishopric founded in the 6th century by the Bavarian duke Theodo, with St. Rupert as first incumbent. Considerably enlarged, it was raised in 798 to an archiepiscopal see. The archbishop Gebhard became in 1088 legate for all Germany. His successors were perpetually involved in hostilities with the emperors and other princes and their own subjects. In 1498 Archbishop Leonard II. expelled the Jews and all his enemies among the nobles. In l731-'2 all the Protestants, numbering about 80,000, were expelled by Archbishop Leopold Anthony for refusing to abjure their faith. Most of them found a hospitable refuge in East Prus- sia, offered to them by Frederick William I. Previous to its secularization in 1802, the see had a population of nearly 200,000. It was then ceded with other territory to the grand duke Ferdinand of Tuscany, and in 1805 to Austria. By the peace of 1809 it was ceded to Napoleon, who in 1810 gave it to Bavaria. Most of the territory was restored to Austria in 1814. In 1849 it became a separate crown- land, and the first Salzburg diet was held in 1861. II. A city (anc. Juvanla or Juvavum), capital of the duchy, on the Salzach, 156 m. W. by S. of Vienna; pop. in 1870, 20,336. The situation is one of the finest in Europe. On the left bank of the Salzach is the Monchsberg, and on the right bank the Kapuzinerberg, and the town stands within the narrow defile formed by these hills, the outlying houses in the sub- urbs being built around rocks. The Salzach is spanned by three bridges. The streets are generally crooked, but there are several large squares and many handsome edifices. The principal churches are the fine cathedral, St. Peter's with Haydn's monument, St. Sebastian's with that of Paracelsus, St. Margaret's, restored in 1864, and the university church ; and there are 15 other places of worship, including one for Protestants, opened in 1865. The monument of Mozart, who was born here, adjoins a high fountain on a principal square; and that of the archbishop Sigisraond stands near the new gate (Neuthor). The university, founded in 1620, was suppressed early in the present cen- tury. An archbishop resides here, and there is a theological faculty and seminary for priests. In 1818 Salzburg was partly destroyed by fire, but was soon rebuilt. The emperor of Aus- tria and the king of Prussia met here, Aug. 19, 1865, to ratify the convention of Gastein with regard to Schleswig-Holstein and Lau- enburg. In 1874 Roman golden ear rings and other relics, including a marble coffin and a milestone of the time of Septimius Severus, were dug up in the city. SAM AX A. See SANTO DOMINGO. SAHAR. See PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. SAMARA. I. An E. government of European Russia, bordering on Ufa, Orenburg, Astra- khan, Saratov, and Simbirsk; area, 60,11)7 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 1,887,081. The river Volga forms its W. frontier, and it is drained by the Samara, the Irgis, and other affluents of the Volga. The government was erected in 1850. II. A city, capital of the government, at the confluence of the Samara with the Volga, 518 m. E. S. E. of Moscow ; pop. in 1867, 34,494. It is the seat of a Greek bishop, is the chief corn market on the Volga, and has a growing trade in cattle, sheep, fish, caviare, skins, leath- er, and tallow. Along the Volga are many German and Swiss settlements. SAMARANG. I. A province on the N. coast of Java; area, about 1,500 sq. m. ; pop. in 1868, 1,001,252, of whom 5,162 were Euro- peans. It has numerous rivers, navigable for boats within the limits of the tide. The S. W. boundary is formed by a volcanic range of mountains which rises to the height of 9,000 and 10,000 ft. Along the sea there is a low alluvial plain. The country is very fer- tile, producing coffee, sugar, cotton, indigo, tobacco, pepper, and rice, of which large quan- tities are exported. II. A city, capital of the province, near the mouth of the river Sama- rang, about 250 m. E. by S. of Batavia ; pop. about 30,000. It is an important commercial centre ; there are cotton and leather manufac- tories; and a railway built in 1868 connects it with the rich agricultural region of the interior. SAMARCAXD (anc. Maracanda), a walled city of central Asia, belonging to Russia, formerly in the khanate and 135 m. E. of the city of
