602 SANFORD SAN FRANCISCO ish Empire, of Egypt, of the Holy Land, and of the Remote Parts of Italy and Islands ad- joining" (fol., 1615; 7th e"d., 1673), and a translation of the first five books of Ovid's "Metamorphoses" (2d ed., 1621). In 1621 he became colonial treasurer of Virginia, where he distinguished himself by his public zeal. He executed all orders concerning staple com- modities; to him is due the building of the first water mill ; he promoted the establish- ment of iron works in 1621, and in the fol- lowing year introduced ship building. He translated the last ten books of the " Metamor- phoses " while in Virginia. When the king broke up the Virginia company in 1624, he re- turned to England, where in 1626 he published the translation of the whole. He also wrote poetical versions of the Psalms (1636), of the book of Job, Ecclesiastes, Lamentations, &c. (1639), and of the Song of Solomon (1642). His life, by the Rev. H. J. Todd, is prefixed to " Selections from Sandys's Metrical Para- phrases" (London, 1839). A collective edi- tion of his poetical works, with an introduc- tion and notes, has been published by the Rev. R. Hooper (2 vols., London, 1872). SANFORD, a N. W. county of Alabama, bor- dering on Mississippi, and drained by affluents of the Tombigbee river ; area, about 600 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 8,898, of whom 1,563 were col- ored. The surface is rolling and the soil is fertile. The chief productions in 1870 were 18,672 bushels of wheat, 219,437 of Indian corn, 14,128 of oats, 31,619 of sweet potatoes, 72,157 Ibs. of butter, and 1,825 bales of cotton. There were 1,462 horses, 496 mules and asses, 2,518 milch cows, 4,470 other cattle, 6,784 sheep, and 11,463 swine. Capital, Vernon. SAN FERNANDO, a city of Andalusia, Spain, 7 m. S. by E. of Cadiz, on the Isla de Leon ; Eop. about 18,000. It is joined to the main- ind by an ancient Roman bridge, and be- tween it and Cadiz extend vast salt marshes. Salt, rum, liqueurs, leather, and soap are man- ufactured. The town was founded about 1750, and in 1808 had 40,000 inhabitants. Two miles distant is the suburb of San Carlos, with the residence of the captain general and sev- eral public establishments. SAN FRANCISCO, the chief city of California (in law, the city and county of San Francis- co), the principal commercial emporium on the Pacific coast of America, in lat. 87 46' N., Ion. 122 24' W. It is situated at the N. end of a peninsula, which is 30 m. long and 6 m. across at the city, and separates San Francisco bay from the Pacific ocean. The area within the political district is 42 sq. m., of which con- siderable portions are drifting sand and rocky hills, rising in several points to an elevation of 800 ft. Goat island, Alcatraz island, and Mission rock in the bay, and the Farallon isl- ands in the ocean, 80 m. off, also belong to the city and county. The city stands on the E. slope and at the base of high hills. In 1846 these hills were steep and cut up by numerous gullies, and the low ground at their base was narrow, save in what is now the S. part of the city, where there was a succession of hills of loose, barren sand, impassable for loaded wagons. In front of the town of Yerba Buena, as it was called previous to 1847, was a cove extending m. into the land and 1 m. wide between the projecting points of land known as Clark's point and Rincon point. Along the front line of this cove the water was 40 ft. deep, and around its edges there were mud flats which were bare at low tide. The sand ridges have been cut away, the gullies and hollows filled up, the hills cut down, and the cove filled in; and where large ships rode at anchor in 1849 are now paved streets. The country around the city is bare, with no trees and little fertile land within 20 m. The great- er part of the peninsula is hilly and unfit for cultivation. There is but one road leading out of the city. The business streets are built up densely, but beyond that the houses are scat- tered at considerable intervals, and the settled part of the city may be said .to cover an area of 9 sq. m. In the N. E. corner of the city is Telegraph hill, 294 ft. high ; in the S. E. cor- ner Rincon hill, 120 ft. ; and on the W. side Russian hill, 360 ft. The densely settled streets are in the amphitheatre formed by the three hills. On account of the hills, some of which have been entirely cut down, the city has been laid off in different surveys not uniform with each other in the size of the blocks or the course of the streets ; but in each survey, with rare exceptions, the streets are straight and cross each other at right angles. The prin- cipal retail shops are in Kearny, Market, and Montgomery streets, which are the most fash- ionable promenades; the banks and brokers' offices are in California street ; the importers and jobbers are in Front, Sansome, and Battery streets; the principal fashionable residences are in Van Ness avenue, Pine street hill, and Taylor, Bush, Sutter, Post, Geary, and O'Far- rell streets ; and the Chinese quarter comprises portions of Sacramento, Commercial, Dupont, Pacific, and Jackson streets. The busiest streets are paved with Belgian block and cob- ble stones, and most of the residence streets are planked. The city is supplied with gas made from imported coal, and water is brought from Pilarcitos creek near the base of the peninsula, by a conduit 30 m. long; the supply at present is about 20,000,000 gallons a day. In February, 1875, there were in the city 23,- 700 buildings, of which 4,300 were of brick ; the remainder were of wood, with the excep- tion of perhaps half a dozen of adobe and as many of stone. The buildings erected in 1874 numbered 1,389, and cost $9,344,000. The most notable buildings are the Palace hotel, Nevada bank, bank of California, merchants' exchange, Safe Deposit bank, Lick house, Oc- cidental hotel, Grand hotel, Cosmopolitan ho- tel, custom house, mint, mercantile library, California theatre, grand opera house, a new
