680 SCHOFFER SCHOMBERG Sf IIOFFER, or Scholfler, Peter, a German print- er, born at Gernsheim, near Darmstadt, about 1430, died about 1503. In early life he was a copyist at Paris, but about 1450 became an assistant in the printing establishment of Faust and Gutenberg in Mentz. He introduced many improvements in the art of printing while in their employ, and after their separation in 1455 became a partner of Faust, whose daugh- ter Christine he afterward married. The first book on which his name appears is the celebra- ted Psalter, August, 1457, reprinted in 1459. This was followed by a number of other works, all remarkable for their beauty of impression and clearness of type. In 1463 he accompa- nied his father-in-law to Paris to establish a depot for the sale of their books. After the death of Faust about 1466, Schdffer carried on the business alone, and was succeeded by his son Johann. The latter printed chiefly reli- gious works between 1503 and 1531. A mon- ument to Peter Schoffer was erected at Gerns- heim in 1836. SCHOFIELD, John McAllister, an American sol- dier, born in Chautauqua co., N. Y., Sept. 29, 1831. He graduated at West Point in 1853, and in 1860 became professor of physics in the "Washington university at St. Louis. On Nov. 21, 1861, he was made brigadier general of volunteers, five days afterward brigadier gen- eral of Missouri militia, and on Nov. 29, 1862, major general of volunteers. He bore a part in the principal engagements of the Atlanta campaign, and after the capture of Atlanta, Sept. 1, 1864, was placed under Gen. Thomas in command of the forces which opposed the movement of Gen. Hood toward Nashville. lie commanded at the battle of Franklin, Nov. 80, for which he was made brigadier general in the regular army, and afterward brevet ma- jor general ; and he led a corps in the subse- quent engagements before Nashville, Dec. 15, 16, and in the pursuit of the remnant of Gen. Hood's army. As commander of the depart- ment of North Carolina he took possession of Wilmington, Feb. 22, 1865; fought success- fully at Kingston, March 8-10; and then ad- vanced to Goldsboro', where on March 22 he united with the army of Gen. Sherman. Du- ring the political complication of 1868 Gen. Schofield was appointed secretary of war, May 80. In March, 1869, he was assigned to com- mand the department of the Missouri, and in April, 1870, the division of the Pacific. SCHOHARIE, an E. county of New York, drained by Schoharie and Catskill creeks ; area, 675 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 33,340. A branch of the Catskill mountains occupies the S. and W. part, and a ridge called the Helderberg moun- tains extends along the E. border. Iron ore, limestone, and sandstone are found, and there are sulphur springs in the northwest. It is traversed by the Albany and Susquehanna and two or three short railroads. The chief pro- ductions in 1870 were 66,440 bushels of wheat, 82,452 of rye, 113,097 of Indian corn, 750,091 of oats, 40,127 of barley, 231,230 of buck- wheat, 329,488 of potatoes, 95,520 tons of hay, 126,903 Ibs. of wool, 2,190,668 of butter, 112,421 of cheese, 1,610,457 of hops, 84,811 of flax, 69,986 of maple sugar, and 16,998 of honey. There were 8,634 horses, 23,256 milch cows, 15,087 other cattle, 29,293 sheep, and 6,200 swine ; 6 manufactories of agricultural implements, 4 of brooms, 10 of carriages and wagons, 2 of cement, 5 of cheese, 12 of cooper- age, 1 of cotton goods, 10 of iron castings, 15 of leather, 3 of paper, 12 flour mills, and 10 saw mills. Capital, Schoharie. SCHOLASTICISM. See PHILOSOPHY, vol. xiii., p. 439. SCHOLTEN, Johannes Hcndrik, a Dutch theo- logian, born at Vleuten, near Utrecht, Aug. 17, 1811. He was minister at Meerkerk from 1888 to 1840, and afterward professor of theo- logy at the Athenaeum of Franeker till 1843, when he was transferred to the university of Leyden. He is the founder of the new school of Dutch Protestant theology, and claims for it the utmost independence in the applica- tion of scientific principles. His works in- clude Geschiedenis der Godsdienst en wijsbe- geerte (Leyden, 1853 ; French translation by Reville, Manuel d'histoire compares de la phi- losophic et de la, religion, Paris, 1861); De leer der hervormde kerTc in hare grondbeginselen (2 vols., Leyden, 1848-'50 ; 4th od., 1861-'2) ; De vrye wil critisfh onderzoeJc (1859) ; Over de oorzaken van het hedendaagsche materialisme, and Het critisch standpunt van Mr. C. W. Opzoomer (Amsterdam, 1860); ITet evangelie naar Johannes (Leyden, 1864 ; German trans- lation by Lang, Berlin, 1864) ; De oudste getui- genissen aangaande de schriften des Nieuwe Testaments (Leyden, 1866 ; German transla- tion by Manchot, Bremen, 1867); De evange- lien naar Mattheus en Marcus (1867) ; and Supernaturalisme in verbandmit Bijbel, Chris- tendom en protestantisme (1867). SCHOMBERG, Frederick Hermann, duke of, an English soldier of German origin, born in Hei- delberg about 1616, fell in battle, July 1 (N. S. 12), 1690. He was a son of the German count Johann Meinhardt von Schomberg, and his mother was an English lady, a daughter of Sir Edward Sutton, Lord Dudley. In early life he served in the armies of the Nether- lands and other countries, and in 1650 entered that of France. As commander in Portugal he compelled Spain in 1668 to recognize the Por- tuguese dynasty of Braganca. In 1675 Louis XIV. made him marshal for his services in Catalonia, and in the following two years he forced the enemies of France to raise the siege of Maestricht and Charleroi. He left the French army on the revocation of the edict of Nantes in 1685, and sought employ- ment from other governments. The prince of Orange, under whom he had formerly served, appointed him as his second in command on his departure for England in 1688, and in 1689 created him duke of Schomberg in the Eng-
