SHAYS who made treaties with them in 1682 and 1701. In 1693 and in 1722 they made treaties at Albany with the Iroquois of New York and Virginia. The portion in Florida maintained friendly relations with the Spaniards for a time, but finally joined the English in Caro- lina, and were known as Savannahs or Ye- massees. After their war they retired to the Creeks, and finally joined the northern Shaw- nees. The Iroquois claimed sovereignty over the Shawnees, and drove them to the west. In 1731, rejecting the English missionaries, they negotiated with the French, and gave early aid to them in the final struggle ; but in 1758 they were won over by Post, and by the ap- pearance of Gen. Forbes. After the fall of Canada they joined Pontiac, and were active in hostilities till subdued by Bouquet. In 1774, enraged at Cresap's attack, they roused most of the western tribes, and in October defeated the Virginians at Pleasant Point, but made peace the next year. In 1779 Col. Bowman marched against the Shawnee towns, but was twice defeated. They joined in the peace of 1786, but, under English influence, took part in the Miami war, in the campaigns against Harmar and St. Clair, till they were finally reduced by Gen. Wayne, and they submitted under the treaty of Greenville (1795). The main party were at this time on the Scioto ; but some had crossed into Missouri, where the Spaniards gave them land. Another band moved south. In the war of 1812 some of the bands were won by the English. Urged by Tecumseh and his brother the prophet, they endeavored to unite all the Indians of the west against the Americans, but those in Ohio re- mained faithful. The Missouri band ceded their lands to the government in 1825, and the Ohio band in 1831. In 1854 the band of Shawnees proper, in that part of the Indian territory now included in Kansas, numbered 900 on a reservation of 1,600,000 acres; but by treaty the tribal relation was ended and the lands were divided in severalty. Besides these, there were in 1872 90 in the Quapaw agency, and 663 in the Sac and Fox agency. The Methodists, Baptists, and Friends have all labored among this tribe. SHAYS, Daniel, leader in 1786-'7 of the re- bellion in Massachusetts which bears his name, born in Hopkinton, Mass., in 1747, died in Sparta, N. Y., Sept. 29, 1825. He served as a sergeant at Bunker Hill, and became a captain during the revolution. Although not promi- nent in the first movements of the rebellion, Shays was chosen commander. The insurgents complained that the governor's salary was too high, the senate aristocratic, the lawyers ex- tortionate, and taxes too burdensome to bear ; and they demanded an issue of paper money and the removal of the legislature (general court) from Boston. An effort was made to allay the discontent by the passage of an act to diminish costs in the collection of debts and allow certain back taxes and debts to be paid SHEARWATER 833 in produce, but the mob was not satisfied. Bodies of armed men interrupted the sessions of the courts in several counties, and in De- cember, 1786, Shays appeared with a large force at Worcester and Springfield, and pre- vented the holding of the courts at those places. In January following, at the head of nearly 2,000 men, he marched to capture the arsenal at Springfield, but was opposed by the militia under Gen. Shepherd, and the insur- gents were fired upon and fled, leaving three killed and one wounded on the field. Next day they were pursued by a large force under Gen. Lincoln, and at Petersham 150 were ta- ken prisoners, the remainder dispersed, and the leaders made their escape into New Hamp- shire. A free pardon offered to all who would lay down their arms was generally accepted ; 14 were tried and sentenced to death, but were pardoned. Shays sought safety for about a year in Vermont, and at his petition was after- ward pardoned, and settled at Sparta, N. Y. SHEA, John D. Oilman, an American author, born in New York, July 22, 1824. He was educated at the grammar school of Columbia college, and was admitted to the bar, but devo- ted himself to literature. He is chiefly known for works on American history, the most im- portant of which are : " The Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley " (New York, 1853); "History of the Catholic Mis- sions among the Indian Tribes of the United States" (1854; German translation, Wurzburg, 1856); "The Fallen Brave" (1861); "Early Voyages up and down the Mississippi " (Al- bany, 1862) ; " Novum Belgium, an Account of New Netherland in 1643-'4" (New York, 1862); "The Operations of the French Fleet under Count de Grasse" (1864); "The Lin- coln Memorial " (1865) ; and a translation of Charlevoix's "History and General Descrip- tion of New France," with extensive notes (6 vols. 8vo, 1866-'72). He is also the joint au- thor and the translator of De Courcy's " Cath- olic Church in the United States" (1856). He has edited the Cramoisy series of " Relations " and documents bearing on the early history of the French American colonies (24 vols., 1857- '68); "Washington's Private Diary " (1861); Colden's "History of the Five Indian Na- tions," edition of 1727 (1866); Alsop's "Mary- land " (1869) ; and a series of grammars and dictionaries of the Indian languages (15 vols. 8vo, 1860-'74). He has also published " Bibli- ography of American Catholic Bibles and Tes- taments" (1859), corrected several of the very erroneous Catholic Bibles, and revised by the Vulgate Challoner's original Bible of 1750 (1871 ; 2d ed., with a translation of Allioli's commentary, 1875); and has issued several prayer books, school histories, and translations. He edited for eight years the " Historical Mag- azine," and has contributed largely to periodi- cals and publications of historical societies. SHEARWATER, a web-footed bird of the pe- trel family, and genus puffinut (Briss.). The
