SLAVIC RACE AND LANGUAGES 103 (Boston, 1840); W. Adam, "The Law and Custom of Slavery in British India " (Boston, 1840); William Goodell, "Slavery and Anti- Slavery" (New York, 1843); Wallon, Histoire de Vesclavage dans V antiquite (Paris, 1847) ; Fuller and Wayland, "Domestic Slavery" (New York, 1847); Copley, "A History of Slavery " (London, 1852) ; Horace Mann, " Sla- very, Letters and Speeches " (Boston, 1851) ; John Fletcher, " Studies on Slavery " (Natchez, 1852) ; "The Pro-Slavery Argument " (Charles- ton, 1853) ; F. L. Olmsted, " A Journey in the Seaboard Slave States," "A Journey through Texas," "A Journey in the Back Country," and " The Cotton Kingdom " (New York, 1856- '61); the Rev. Albert Barnes, "An Inquiry into the Scriptural Views of Slavery " (Phila- delphia, 1855); Theodore Parker, "Trial for the Misdemeanor of a Speech against Kid- napping" (Boston, 1855); the Rev. Nehemiah Adams, " A South Side View of Slavery" (Bos- ton, 1855) ; George Fitzhugh, " Sociology for the South" (Richmond, 1855); Arthur Helps, " The Spanish Conquest in America, and its Re- lation to the History of Slavery," &c. (London and New York, 185 6-' 60); Weston, "Progress of Slavery in the United States " (Washington, 1857); T. R. R. Cobb, "An Inquiry into the Law of Negro Slavery " (Philadelphia and Sa- vannah, 1858); John 0. Hurd, "Law of Free- dom and Bondage in the United States " (Bos- ton, 1858) ; J. R. Giddings, "Exiles of Florida" (Columbus, 0., 1858) ; H. R. Helper, " The Im- pending "Crisis of American Slavery" (New York, 1859); A. Gurowski, "Slavery in His- tory" (New York, 1860); Horace Greeley, "The American Conflict" (2 vols., Hartford, 1864-'6); E. M'Pherson, "History of the Re- bellion" (Washington, 1865), and "History of Reconstruction" (Washington, 1868); A. H. Stephens, " The War between the States " (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1868-'70) ; S. J. May, "Rec- ollections of the Anti-Slavery Conflict " (Bos- ton, 1868) ; and Henry Wilson, " Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America" (3 vols., Bos- ton, 187l-'6). SLAVIC RACE AND LANGUAGES. The Slavs or Slavi (in the Slavic languages, Slovene, Sto- wianie, &c., names now commonly derived from slovo or stowo, word ; hence, " peoples of one tongue") are one of the most numerous and powerful groups of nations of the Indo- European or Aryan race, occupying at present nearly the whole of eastern Europe and parts of northern Asia. They seem to have ancient- ly been included in the names of the Scythians and Sarmatians. Roman writers refer to the Slavs under the name of the Venedi (Winds, Wends), and later writers under that of Serbs, both of which still designate branches of the race. In the most ancient times to which the history of the Slavs as such can be traced, their seats were around and near the Car- pathian mountains, whence they spread N. toward the Baltic, W. toward the Elbe and Saale, and finally, after tbe destruction of the empire of the Huns, S. across the Danube over the territories of modern Turkey and Greece. With this extension the unity of the race ceased, and they split into a number of tribes, separated from each other by political organ- ization and different dialects. The eminent Slavic scholars Dobrovsky, Kopitar, and Scha- farik divide the Slavs into the eastern and western or southeastern and northwestern stems. The former of these contains three branches: 1, the Russians, who are subdivi- ded into Russians and Rusniaks or Ruthenians (in W. Russia, E. Galicia, and N". E. Hungary) ; 2, the Illyrico-Servian branch, comprising the Serbs proper, the Rascians or Hungarian Serbs, the Bosnians, Herzegovinians, Montenegrins, Slavonians, Dalmatians, Croats, and Slovens or Winds; 3, the Bulgarian branch. The west- ern or northwestern stem comprises : 1, the Lechian or Polish branch, to which belong the Poles, the Slavic Silesians, and an isolated tribe in the Prussian province of Pomerania called Kassubs ; 2, the Czecho-Slovak branch, which embraces the Bohemians, Moravians, and Slo- vaks in N. W. Hungary ; and 3, the Sorabo- Wendic or Lusatian branch, containing the remnants of the Slavs of N". Germany. A number of Slavic realms have perished in suc- cession, as those of Bohemia, Moravia, and Po- land ; and at the beginning of the present cen- tury only one, Russia, was left, besides which Servia and Montenegro maintain a semi-inde- pendent position. In modern times a Pansla- vic movement, aiming at a closer union of all Slavic tribes, has arisen and gained consider- able political importance. One of the first publicly to advocate it was the Czecho-Slovak poet Kollar, who published an address to all the Slavs, urging them to drop their numerous family feuds, to consider themselves as one great nation, and their related languages essen- tially as one. The idea was seized upon with eagerness by the Bohemians and other Slavs of Austria, who by a Slavic union hoped to pre- vent their being absorbed by the German and Hungarian races. It has since gained great strength in Austria by the endeavors of Scha- f arik, Palacky, Gaj, and other eminent Slavists, and has also found many distinguished advo- cates in Poland and Russia, in literary as well as in political circles. From a federative union of all Slavs under a democratic form of govern- ment to a union under the sceptre of the czar, every possible form of future organization has found advocates, the movement being princi- pally fostered by Russian, and according to cir- cumstances also by Austrian, influence. In the Slavic congress of Prague, assembled in the spring of 1848, the revolutionary element pre- vailed, leading to a bloody conflict with the Austrian troops under Windischgratz, and the severe persecution of various members of the congress. The opening of the Austrian pro- vincial diets and central Reichsrath in 1861 was productive of new Panslavic manifesta- tions. An important Panslavic gathering took
