198 SOUTH CAROLINA opened in 1832, and in 1875 had 8 instructors and 60 students. The state institution for the education of the deaf, dumb, and blind is at Cedar Springs in Spartanburg co. ; but it is now (1876) suspended. The state orphan asy- lum, in Columbia, had in 1874 an average of 80 inmates, of whom 88 were girls. The legis- lature appropriated $25,000 for this institu- tion in 1874; the expenditures amounted to $18,900. The state lunatic asylum, in Colum- bia, opened in 1828, had an average of 312 patients during the year ending Oct. 31, 1874, and 311 at the end of the year. The average annual cost of maintenance is $250 for each patient; $65,000 was appropriated for it in 1874, and the expenditures were $71,590. The state penitentiary, in Columbia, had in 1874 an average of 250 prisoners, who were chief- ly employed upon public buildings on account of the state; their earnings amounted to $23,- 774. The expenses of the institution were $69,838; the state appropriation was $50,000. Religious exercises are held on Sunday. There is a day school for all convicts, and a reforma- tory school for those under 18 years of age, who are kept separate from the other convicts. The total number of libraries reported by the census of 1870 was 1,663, containing 546,244 volumes. Of these, 922 with 397,020 volumes were private, and 741 with 149,224 volumes other than private ; among the latter were one state library, with 2,700 volumes; 3 court and law, 6,324 ; 4 school, college, &c., 20,800 ; 647 Sunday school, 93,200; 84 church, 25,100; and 2 circulating, 1,100. The total number of newspapers and periodicals was 55, having an aggregate circulation of 80,900 and issuing annually 8,901,400 copies. Of these, 5 were daily, with an aggregate circulation of 16,100; 4 tri-weekly, circulation 9,600 ; 42 weekly, 44,000; 3 monthly, 10,000; and 1 quarterly, 1,200. In 1875 there were reported 7 daily, 3 tri-weekly, 3 semi-weekly, 62 weekly, 1 bi- weekly, 2 semi-monthly, 4 monthly, and 2 quarterly ; total, 84. The total number of re- ligious organizations in 1870 was 1,457, hav- ing 1,308 edifices, with 491,425 sittings and property valued at $3,276,982. The denomi- nations were represented as follows : DENOMINATIONS. Orifnt- Mtloni. E.H- firei. Sitting*. Property. Baptist, regular 518 40H 190750 $688,882 other . . . 5 5 800 1 600 Christian 2 2 200 Coninvffational 1 1 800 Episcopal, Protestant | 88 1 81 1 86,3.50 800 72<J,600 J.-Wlah 8 8 900 91 200 1 1 400 10 000 Lutheran 49 44 17 900 M.-thfwllst. 611 164 050 fift'2 100 Presbyterian, rvirular "tlHT Reformed ohuroh in Amer- ica (late lntrl, 1. Roman Catholic. 14^ 16 2 12 IM 17 8 13 61,450 5,650 800 10 77*5 D87,900 83,500 4,000 T'nitarian 1 1 750 UniTersalist 8 2 850 5^ 850 Unknown (local mission).. 1 1 700 10,000 The first attempt to colonize the territory now comprised in South Carolina was made by Jean Ribault, a Frenchman. (See Ri- BAULT.) The province of Carolina was created by Charles II. in 1663. (See NORTH CAROLI- NA.) The first permanent settlement in South Carolina was made on the banks of the Ash- ley river in 1670 by English colonists, who re- moved in 1680 to the present site of Charles- ton. Under the name of Carolina, both the present states of North and South Carolina were held as a proprietary government, nomi- nally under the celebrated model constitution prepared by John Locke, till July, 1729, when the king bought out the proprietors, and formed the Carolinas into two royal colonies. In 1685 a large number of French Huguenots settled in South Carolina, and subsequently there were considerable settlements of Swiss, Irish, and German emigrants. The colony at various times suffered severely from Indian depredations, and with Georgia was engaged under Oglethorpe in a contest with the Span- ish settlements in Florida. South Carolina was the scene of severe warfare during the revolutionary struggle, hotly contested bat- tles being fought at Fort Moultrie, Charleston, Camden, King's Mountain, Cowpens, Eutaw Springs, &c. The British held the country for the greater part of the years 1780 and 1781. The battle of Eutaw Springs, September, 1781, between Gen. Greene and Col. Stuart, in which both sides claimed the victory, was the last engagement of any importance during the rev- olution. A state constitution was first adopt- ed on March 26, 1776; the constitution of the United States was ratified by South Carolina on May 23, 1788. Immediately after the pres- idential election of 1832, a convention of the people of South Carolina was called to meet at Columbia, to take action on the high tariff of 1828 and 1832. The convention met on Nov. 19, unanimously adopted the "nullification or- dinance," which pronounced the tariff "null, void, and no law, nor binding on this state, its officers and citizens," and prohibited the payment of duties on imports imposed by that law within the state after Feb. 1 ensuing. The ordinance contemplated an act of the legislature nullifying the tariff, and declared that no appeal should be made to the supreme court of the United States against the validity of such act. It was also declared that should the general government attempt to enforce the law thus nullified, or to interfere with the foreign commerce of the state, the peo- ple of South Carolina would "hold them- selves absolved from all further obligation to maintain or preserve their political connec- tion with the people of the other states." This action was approved by the governor, Robert Y. Hayne, in his message to the legis- lature, and measures were adopted by that body to give practical effect to the ordinance. In view of the threatened emergency, Presi- dent Jackson ordered Gen. Scott to Charles-
