STIEGLITZ STIEGLITZ, Lndwig Ton, a Eussian banker, born in Arolsen, Germany, of Jewish parents, in 1778, died in St. Petersburg, March 18, 1843. He was a brother of the medical writer Johann Stieglitz, and in early life went to St. Peters- burg. He was poor, but gradually became rich and influential, and at his death left a colossal fortune. He was made a baron in 1825. His brothers Nikolaus and Bernhard also became rich, and one of the latter's sons was made councillor of the ministry of the interior. The son of Ludwig, the baron Alex- ider, continued the father's business till 1858, /hen he assumed the direction of the ' new government bank, retiring in 1866. STIGMARIA. See COAL PLANTS. STILES, Ezra, an American clergyman, born North Haven, Conn., Dec. 15, 1727, died in lew Haven, May 12, 1795. He graduated at r ale college in 1746, and was a tutor there >m 1749 to 1755. He studied theology, and began preaching in June, 1749. He afterward studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1753, and practised at New Haven. In 1755 he be- came pastor of the second church in Newport, R. I., where, in addition to his professional uties, he engaged in oriental, linguistic, liter- iry, and scientific investigations. His congre- ition at Newport being broken up by the British occupation of the place in May, 1777, removed to Portsmouth, N. H., to become stor of the North church. In September of le same year he was elected president of Yale allege, and shortly after professor of ecclesi- stical history, and from 1780 was also profes- of divinity. He published an "Account )f the Settlement of Bristol" (1785), and "His- )ry of three of the Judges of Charles I." 1795) ; and he left an unfinished church his- >ry of New England, besides more than 40 volumes of manuscripts. His life has been n-itten by James L. Kingsley, in Sparks's "American Biography," 2d series, vol. vi. STILICHO, Flavins, a Roman general, behead - " Aug. 23, A. D. 408. He was the son of a r andal officer of the cavalry under the empe- )r Yalens. For his services as an envoy to 5 ersia in 384 Theodosius gave him the hand of Serena, his niece and adopted daughter. Sti- licho shortly became master general of the army in the western parts of the empire, and gained several victories over the barbarians. Jealousy between him and Rufinus, whom Theodosius made governor of the East, soon ripened into intense hatred. In 394 Stilicho became governor of the West, as guardian of Honorius, whom Theodosius had proclaimed Augustus. Theodosius died in 395, leaving to Honorius the empire of the West, and to Arcadius that of the East. After crossing the Alps and establishing a firm peace on the border, Stilicho turned toward the East, os- tensibly against Alaric, but really to break the power of Rufinus. He was stopped near Thessalonica by a message from the Byzan- tine court, but engaged Gainas, the leader of STILLE 385 the Gothic allies of Arcadius, to put Rufinus to death, which he accomplished, Nov. 27, 395. In 396 Stilicho, without being asked for aid by Arcadius, sailed from Italy against the barbarians, who were ravaging northern Greece and the Peloponnesus ; but Alaric escaped into Epirus, of which he took possession. Arcadius ordered Stilicho to leave his territory, and made Alaric master general of the province of Illyricum. In 398 a marriage was celebrated between Stilicho's daughter Maria and Honori- us. In 402 Alaric invaded Italy, and Stilicho, collecting his scattered troops from Rhastia, Gaul, and Germany, defeated him at Pollentia (403), and again soon after under the walls of Verona. Alaric then departed, and Stilicho in 404 received the honor of a triumph in Rome. He now formed an alliance with his late enemy against the emperor of the East, promising to pay him a large annual subsidy. In 405 Italy was invaded by Radagaisus, at the head of a multitude of Vandals, Suevi, Burgundians, Alans, and Goths. While they besieged Flor- ence, Stilicho cut off their communications and forced them to capitulate (406). Radagaisus was put to death, and his men were sold as slaves; but the other portion of this horde, which had not entered Italy, ravaged Gaul, from which Stilicho had been obliged to with- draw the garrisons. A large party were in- dignant at Stilicho's supposed partiality for the barbarians, and especially at the decline of the authority of Rome over Britain, Gaul, and Spain. His power at court was also secretly undermined by the eunuch Olympius, whom he himself had introduced into the imperial palace. The latter represented to Honorius that he was without authority in his own king- dom, and that his death was meditated by Stilicho, who designed placing the imperial crown upon the head of his son Eucherius. While Honorius was at Pavia in 408, through the agency of Olympius, the friends of Stili- cho, some of the most illustrious officers of the empire, were murdered. Stilicho was in the camp of the barbarian allies at Bologna, and his friends demanded to be led against the murderers. He hesitated, and his friends left him to his fate. An attempt to assassinate him was made by Sarus, a Goth, but Stilicho escaped and took refuge in a church in Raven- na. From this sanctuary he was led out by Count Heraclian and instantly slain. STILLE, Alfred, an American physician, born in Philadelphia, Oct. 30, 1813. He graduated at the university of Pennsylvania in 1832, and was resident physician of the Philadelphia hos- pital in 1836, and of the Pennsylvania hospital in 1839-'41, having employed the interval in attending medical lectures in Paris and other capitals of Europe. He became lecturer on pathology and practice of medicine to the Philadelphia association for medical instruc- tion in 1844, physician to St. Joseph's hospital in 1849, and afterward professor of the theory and practice of medicine in the Pennsylvania
