440 SUFFOLK SUGAR by the census of 1870 was 270,802 ; the sub- sequent annexation of the town of West Rox- bury from Norfolk co. and the town of Brigh- ton and city of Charlestown from Middlesex co. to Boston added 41,973 inhabitants, ma- king the population within the present limits of Suffolk co. in 1870, 312,775; in 1875, ac- cording to the state census, 364,880. The number of manufacturing establishments, ac- cording to the census of 1870, was 2,546; number of hands employed, 43,550; amount of capital invested, $47,311,906; value of ma- terials used during the year, $59,384,305 ; an- nual value of products, $111,380,840. Almost every variety of articles is produced. Capital, Boston, which is also the capital of the state. II. A S. E. county of New York, comprising the E. part of Long Island, bounded N. by Long Island sound and E. and S. by the At- lantic, drained by the Peconic river and sev- eral smaller streams, and traversed by the Long Island and other railroads; area, 1,200 sq. m. ; pop. in 1875, 52,088. The surface is hilly and uneven in the north, but nearly level in the south ; the soil is generally sandy, but fertile along the sound. The coast is indented by numerous harbors and inlets, and the county includes several small Islands. The chief pro- ductions in 1870 were 184,564 bushels of wheat, 35,436 of rye, 515,099 of Indian corn, 322,069 of oats, 20,800 of buckwheat, 557,935 of pota- toes, 43,006 tons of hay, 47,168 Ibs. of wool, and 564,766 of butter. There were 7,112 horses, 9,269 milch cows, 9,704 other cattle, 14,412 sheep, and 12,624 swine ; 6 manufactories of brick, 21 of carriages and wagons, 3 of cotton, 16 of fish oil, 3 of paper, 10 of saddlery and harness, 3 of sails, 12 flour mills, 1 woollen mill, and 19 ship yards. Capital, Riverhead. SUFFOLK, a S. E. county of England, border- ing on the counties of Norfolk, Cambridge, and Essex, and the North sea ; area, 1,481 sq. m. ; pop. in 1871, 348,479. The coast line extends about 50 m., and a great part of it is low and marshy. The principal streams are the Stour, Orwell, Lark, and Waveney ; and there are several small lakes. The surface is undulating, with some flat and marshy tracts, and the soil is generally a rich alluvial loam. The manu- factures, with the exception of agricultural implements, are trifling. Fishing is actively carried on. There are many remains of an- tiquity, including the Roman castle of Burgh, the walls of which are still standing. Suffolk contains two county towns, Ipswich and Bury St. Edmunds ; other chief towns are Eye, Aid- borough, Orford, and Sudbury. SUFIS (Arab. M/, wool, from the dress of the devotees), a peculiar sect of Mohamme- dans, who claim supernatural intercourse with the Supreme Being, a mystical identity and union with him, and miraculous powers. Said Abul Khair first gathered them into an organ- ized body about 820, and they have numbered among them some of the most eminent Mo- hammedan scholars and poets. SUGAR, a name used in nearly all languages, in various forms, to designate a limited num- ber of sweet products of plants, which is made by the chemist to include several organic com- pounds, many of which may be artificially pro- duced from similarly constituted organic bod- ies. Sugars are therefore divided into natu- ral and artificial. In general terms they are now included among a group of compounds called hexatomic alcohols. Two of the natural sugars, mannite and dulcite, having the com- position CeH^Oe, are saturated hexatomic al- cohols, derived from the saturated hydro- carbon C 8 Hi4. Several others, called glucoses, have the formula CsHiaOe, and may be regard- ed as aldehydes of these alcohols. It may be remarked that ordinary glucose or grape sugar is converted into mannite by the action of nascent hydrogen, just as acetic aldehyde, CalLO, is converted into common alcohol, C 2 H 8 O. There are also diglucosic alcohols, CmHaaOii, the most important of which are cane sugar and milk sugar. Mannite, CalluOg, is the chief component of manna, an exudation from a species of ash. It is also found in sev- eral sea weeds and in mushrooms. It may be prepared by dissolving manna in boiling alco- hol and filtering while hot. It crystallizes on cooling in tufts of slender, needle-like, four- sided prisms. It may be formed artificially by the action of sodium amalgam on glucose, the latter taking up two atoms of hydrogen. By oxidation with nitric acid mannite is converted into saccharic acid, C 8 Hi O 8 , and ultimately oxalic acid. The boiling point is 329 F. Dul- cite, or dulcose, having the same formula, is obtained from a crystalline substance of un- known origin, -imported from Madagascar, by boiling water. Crystals belonging to the monoclinic system form on cooling the solu- tion. It thus differs from mannite, the crys- tals of which are trimetric, and also in its boiling point, which is 360. The glucoses are a group of sugars having the common for- mula CeHmOe, and consisting, as far as known, of eight members : 1. Ordinary glucose or dextro-glucose, so named from its power of rotating a ray of polarized light to the right, is made by hydration of starch by the action of dilute acids or of diastase. It is found in honey and various fruits, especially grapes, and therefore also called grape sugar. (See FERMENTATION.) Its rotatory power is +56 at all temperatures. 2. Maltose is produced by the limited action of diastase on starch, and differs from ordinary glucose only in its power of rotating a ray of polarized light, having a dextro-rotatory power three times as great as that of ordinary glucose. It is converted into ordinary glucose by boiling with dilute acids. 3. Lsevulose is isomeric with the others, but distinguished from them by turning the plane of polarization to the left. It also, unlike other sugars, has its rotatory power changed by varying the temperature, the power diminish* ing with increase of temperature, being 106
