640 TENERIFFE Cross," in the Torlonia chapel of St. John Lateran; the "Angel of the Last Judgment," in St. Mary's, Rome ; " Flora," in possession of Queen Victoria; portrait busts of Thorwald- sen and Pius IX. ; and many statues, including one of Bolivar. His last important work is the sarcophagus of Pius VIII. for St. Peter's. TENERIFFE (Sp. Tenerifa), one of the largest islands of the Canary group, about 150 m. N. W. of Cape Bojador, Africa. It is of triangu- lar form, the N. and S. E. sides about 60 m. long, and the W. side 24 m. ; area, about 800 sq. rn. ; pop. about 95,000. The coasts are steep, high, and broken by deep fissures ; there are very few sand beaches, and no port acces- sible to large vessels which is secure in all weathers; but Santa Cruz, the capital of the island and of the Canaries (pop. about 11,000), has a good harbor. The island is volcanic. A lofty ridge traverses it centrally, and cul- minates near the W. side in the celebrated peak of Teneriffe or Teyde, 12,182 ft. above the sea. This consists of an enormous dome of trachyte covered with layers of basalt, rising from a plateau 7,500 ft. high. The peak itself rises about 2,350 ft. above the last narrow plain ; its sides are very steep and difficult of ascent, and the summit is a narrow wall enclosing a crater about a mile in diame- ter with an average depth of 106 ft. The eruptions from this crater ceased long before the island was discovered by Europeans ; but there have been recent eruptions from other craters, notably in 1704, '5, and '6, and 1798, the most recent. Hot vapors arise from the craters, and their surfaces are always warm. The next highest elevations are Chahora, 9,885 ft., 2J m. S. W., and Azulejos, 9,400 ft., 3 m. S. of Teyde. About one seventh of the island is fit for cultivation ; the most fertile districts are at the E. end, the best being the plain of Laguna, about 12 sq. m. in extent, from which large crops of grain are obtained. The princi- pal productions are cochineal, nuts, wine, and fruit ; the first named is the only one of im- portance in commerce. In 1873 there was exported 2,476,433 Ibs. of cochineal, valued at $1,225,289 in gold. The total value of all other exports during the same year was $295,- 060 ; of all imports, $1,988,045, including 3,390 tons of coal. The value of exports to the Uni- ted States for the year ending Sept. 30, 1874, was $30,000. The commerce of the island is nearly all conducted through Santa Cruz. The only other important town is Laguna, in the plain of that name, with a fixed population of about 10,000, largely increased in the hot season. Orotava, on the N. coast, gives its name to a beautiful valley, formerly famous for its gigantic dragon tree, which was blown down by a hurricane at the beginning of 1868. TENIERS. I. David, called the elder, a Flem- ish painter, born in Antwerp in 1582, died there in 1649. He was educated in the school of Rubens, subsequently studied in Italy, and after his return to Antwerp devoted himself TENNEMANN exclusively to cabinet pictures. His favorite subjects were rural sports and merrymakings, alehouse interiors, chemists' laboratories, and grotesque subjects, such as the temptation of St. Anthony. He was greatly distinguished as a colorist, and his pictures commanded du- ring his lifetime large prices. II. David, the younger, born in Antwerp in 1610, died in Brussels, Feb. 11, 1685. He early displayed a genius far superior to that of his father in the same specialty of painting, and found a patron in the Austrian archduke Leopold at Brussels, governor of the Spanish Netherlands, who appointed him gentleman of his bed- chamber and his principal painter. The king of Spain appropriated a special gallery to his works, and he had hardly time to meet the fast increasing demand for them. He became director of the academy of Antwerp in 1644, but spent most of his life in the country near Mechlin, in order to familiarize himself with the life of the peasantry. His extraordinary facility in imitating the paintings in the arch- duke's gallery caused him to be called the Pro- teus of his art, and he was not less remark- able for his rapid, faithful, and elaborate execu- tion. His charming delineations of the haunts and amusements of the toiling classes made him the most popular of all Flemish painters. He produced more than 1,000 pictures, inclu- ding some of stupendous size. Among those best known are "The Village Wedding," "The Prodigal Son," " Heron Shooting," " The Bag- pipe Player," and others in the Louvre, and "A Music Party," "Boors Regaling," "The Misers," and " Players at Trictrac," in the national gallery of London. TEMANT, William, a Scottish poet, born at Easter Anstruther, Fifeshire, in 1785, died near Dollar, Feb. 15, 1848. He was educated at the university of St. Andrews. At an early age he lost the use of his feet, and in 1801 became clerk to his brother, a corn factor of Glasgow. Returning to Anstruther, he pub- lished in 1812 "Anster Fair," in the ottava rima, which passed through many editions. In 1813 he became parish schoolmaster of Du- nino, and there mastered the Arabic, Syriac, and Persian languages. He afterward taught at Lasswade and at Dollar academy, and in 1835 was made professor of oriental languages in St. Mary's college, St. Andrews, and com- piled Syriac and Chaldaic grammars. He pub- lished "The Thane of Fife" (1822); "Cardi- nal Beaton," a tragedy (1823) ; "John Balliol," a drama (1825); "The Dinging Down of the Cathedral " (of St. Andrews) ; " Hebrew Dramas founded on Bible History " (1845) ; and a " Life of Allan Ramsay" (New York, 1852). TEMEMAW, Wilhelm Gottlieb, a German his- torian of philosophy, born at Brembach, near Erfurt, Dec. 7, 1761, died in Marburg, Sept. 30, 1819. Abandoning theology for philoso- phy, he completed his studies at Jena, and was professor there from 1798 to 1804, and subsequently at Marburg. After opposing the
