734 TIBALDI TIBERIUS till Boniface VIII. (1294-1303) added to it a second crown, and Urban V. (1362-70) added a third. It kept to its first sharply pointed form till the beginning of the 16th century, when it assumed an oval shape, swelling out somewhat broad at top. TIBiLDI, Pellegrino, otherwise called Pelle- grino Pellegrini, an Italian artist, born in Bo- logna in 1527, died in Milan about 1598. At 20 years of age he visited Rome, where he studied the works of Michel Angelo, and was employed by Cardinal Poggio to decorate his palace in Bologna. In 1586 he was invited by Philip II. to Spain, and during a residence there of nine years executed frescoes in the Escurial, besides many pictures. He was also an architect; his best .architectural designs were the modern facade attached to the cathe- dral of Milan, and the Casa Professa, or house of the Jesuits, in Genoa. TIBBOOS. See TUARIKS. TIBER (It. Tevere; anc. Tiber is), a river of Italy, rising in the Tuscan Apennines, 5 m. N. of Pieve San Stefano, and thence flowing generally S. S. E. and S. S. W., through the provinces of Arezzo and Perugia and between the latter and Viterbo, to Fiano, where it turns S. W., and passing through the prov- ince and city of Rome discharges into the Med- iterranean near Ostia by two mouths, which enclose the Insula Sacra of the ancients. Its length is about 230 m., and its width at Rome and below from 300 to 500 ft. Its principal affluents are the Chiascio, the Nera (anc. Nar), and the Teverone (Anio) from the left, and the Paglia from the right. In the upper part of its course, between Todi and the Passo del Forello, it is obstructed, by rapids and passes for some miles through a narrow gorge. It is navigable for vessels of 130 to 200 tons to Rome, 18 m. from its mouth, and for boats to the confluence of the Nera, about 90 m. Rome and Perugia are the principal cities in its basin. From Perugia, above its confluence with the Chiascio, to its debouchure, its waters have a yellowish tinge, the result of the yellow clay through which it passes. An appropriation was granted at the end of 1875 by the Ital- ian government for the preliminary measures relating to the improvement of the course of the Tiber. Various plans are proposed for that purpose, including one of vast scope ad- vocated by Garibaldi. TIBERIAS. See GENNESARET. TIBERIIS, an emperor of Rome, born Nov. 16, 42 B. C., died March 16, A. D. 37. His full name was Tiberius Claudius Nero Cnssar. He was the eldest son of Claudius Tiberius Nero and Livia Brasilia. His father divorced his wife in order that she might be married to Augustus ; and when he died, in 33 B. C., his funeral oration was pronounced before the rostra by his son, then only nine years old. Tiberius was educated by the emperor with princely care. In 29 he accompanied Au- gustus in his triumplal entry into Rome, and subsequently married Vipsania Agrippina, by whom he had a son named Drusus ; but in 1 1 he was compelled by the policy of Augustus to divorce her, much against his will, and marry the beautiful but dissolute Julia, daughter of the emperor. In spite of her licentiousness he seems to have lived peaceably with her for a year, and had by her one child which did not live ; and after that event the feelings of dis- like between them gradually increased until they led to a virtual separation. As military tribune Tiberius made his first campaign in the Cantabrian war. In 20 he went to Asia Minor, restored Tigranes to the throne of Ar- menia, and compelled the Parthians to give up the eagles taken from Crassus; in 15 he and his brother Drusus carried on a war against the Alpine nations of Rhaetia, and the exploits of the two were celebrated by Horace. In 13 Tiberius became consul with P. Quintilius Varus ; in 11 conducted the war against the revolted Dalmatians and the Pannonians ; and in 9, when Drusus was fatally injured in Ger- many, he hastened from Pavia to the place where his brother was dying, and after his death conveyed the body to Rome, walking all the way before it on foot, and on arriving in that city pronounced over it a funeral ora- tion in the forum. He returned to Germa- ny, gained several victories, and crossed the Rhine ; but in 7 he went back to Rome, cele- brated his second triumph, and was made con- sul a second time. In 6 he obtained tribuni- tian power for five years, but suddenly formed the resolution of retiring to Rhodes. Accord- ing to Tacitus, this was to get away from the licentiousness of his wife ; but other authori- ties say it was on account of the jealousy be- tween himself and the grandsons of Augustus. At Rhodes he resided eight years, living in a very simple style. While he was absent his wife was banished (2 B. C.) to the island of Pandataria, and at the expiration of his tribu nitian power Tiberius asked leave to return to Rome ; but permission was not granted till A. D. 2, and then only on condition that ho would take no part in public affairs. The death of the two older grandsons of Augustus virtually left Tiberius the succession to the throne, and in A. D. 4 he was adopted by Au- gustus. From this time to the death of the emperor he was constantly employed in mili- tary operations. He conquered all Illyricum, gained great victories over the Germans and the Dalmatians, and in 12 celebrated his fourth triumph. His military successes were all-im- portant, as the loss of Varus and his legions in Germany had placed the empire in danger. In 14 he started for Illyricum to conduct the war in that quarter, when he was recalled by the death of Augustus to ascend the throne. One of the first acts of his reign was to put to death Agrippa Postumus, the only surviving grandson of Augustus, alleging that the ex- ecution was in accordance with the wishes of the late emperor. The first years of his
